AP WH UNIT 1-5
Neo Confucianism - incorporation of Buddhism and Daoism with the base in Confucianism
Censorate - AN agency that surveillance the government checking the character and competence of the government officials
Hangzhou (Song capital) - The capital city of the Song Dynasty, known for its economic prosperity. ________'s coastal location and control of the Grand Canal ensured that it was an early commercial hub, becoming a significant stop on the Silk Road due in part to its geography, but also thanks to its tea, porcelain, and silk industries.
Foot binding - A tradition in Song dynasty that women followed by binding their feet in small shoes so that it would stay small; it kept them wek and subordinate to men ( example of patriarchy)
“ Middle Kingdom” -A term referring to China's historical self-image as the center of civilization and culture, which persisted through various dynasties, particularly during the Ming and Qing. This notion emphasized the belief that China was superior to neighboring countries and viewed itself as a hub of trade, culture, and governance, influencing its diplomatic relationships and trade practices with foreign entities (ex. mandatory tributes).
Kowtow - A traditional act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing, often made by an inferior to his superior by kneeling and knocking his head to the floor. Officials and representatives of foreign powers who came into the presence of the emperor were subject to _______.
Xiongnu - a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples from Central Asia, who inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. They were considered one of the most significant threats to the early Chinese empires. Known for their formidable horseback riding skills and military tactics, they played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of East Asia through their interactions with various Chinese dynasties.
Sultanate of Delhi - Islamic empire that stretched over pasts of Indian Subcontinent for 320 CE
Sufis - Islamic mystics (practitioners of Islam) who seek a personal connection with God. They played an important role in spreading Islam through their missionary and educational activities.
-Traveled to convert people (cultures diffusing--center of Islamic world to other places such as Africa, Spain, etc.)
Kabir - A 15th-century Indian poet-mystic, considered both a Sufi and Brahmin saint --> broad range of impacts across traditions and religions
Sikhism -A monotheistic religion founded in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of northern India. It emphasizes equality, social justice, and community service, promoting an identity that transcends traditional caste and class divisions. ________ combines elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Timbuktu - A historical city in Mali known for its scholarly and trade significance. Under Mansa Musa, it grew to be an important commercial city, having connections with Egypt and other trade centers in North Africa. Alongside trade and commerce, learning and the arts received royal patronage. Scholars interested in history, Quranic theology, and law made the mosque of Sankore in __________ a teaching centre.
Mexican - Semi nomadic people from Northern Mexico who migrated southwards
Triple Alliance - Allegiance between mexico and tow nearby city states
Tenochtitlan - The capital city of the Mexica(aztec) Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
Chinampas Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. The Aztecs used _________ to make the best use of their space, especially as their population began to rise. _________ were sustainable, yielded a high output of food, and provided more land for the Aztecs to live and farm.
Huitzilopochtli -The Mexican tribal patron god; god of war and the sun. He was a central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and warfare.
Quechua - An indigenous language spoken in the Andes region (by the Incas). It is a native language that spread throughout South America (diffusing cultures), and is now spoken by an average of 12 million people.
Gender parallelism - A social structure where men and women have distinct but complementary/equal roles and responsibilities.
Yuan Dynasty -A ruling dynasty established by Kublai Khan, marking the first time that China was governed by a foreign power. The __________ is known for its promotion of trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road, which helped facilitate connections between Europe and Asia.
Kublai Khan - A Mongolian general and statesman, and the grandson of Genghis Khan. He was the fifth emperor (reigned 1260-1294) of the Yuan dynasty. In 1279 he completed the conquest of China begun by Genghis Khan and became the first Yuan ruler.
Hulegu -A Mongol ruler and a grandson of Genghis Khan who expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol empire and founded the Ilkhanate Dynasty of Persia, which would pave the way for the Safavid Dynasty several centuries later.
Khutulun - A Mongol princess, described to have participated in the Mongol military campaigns in Central Asia. Later, she became such a skilled wrestler that defeated elite male warriors in traditional wrestling competitions. ________ was a hero, chronicled by many medieval authors, one of whom was Marco Polo.
Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde - The _________ was a Mongol khanate that emerged in the 13th century, encompassing parts of modern-day Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. It played a crucial role in the Mongol Empire's expansion and significantly influenced the political landscape of Eastern Europe and Asia, through aspects like the tribute system, which eventually created a path for Ivan the Terrible to rule.
Monsoon winds - seasonal change in the direction of strong wind that were predictable
Swahili language - language influenced by many different languages in the east coast of Africa
Great Zimbabwe - A medieval city known for its stone ruins and as a center of trade. ___________ stands as a symbol of African heritage and ingenuity, illustrating the advanced civilizations that existed. Its well-preserved ruins reveal a complex society with sophisticated political structures, economic systems, and architectural achievements.
Jenne-Jeno - An ancient city in Mali, one of the earliest urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to its importance as an iron working center,___________ was the region's first known significant trading crossroads. Food surpluses such as dried fish, staple grains, and oil were likely exchanged for items of trans-Saharan trade such as stones and salt.
Camel caravans - ____________ were used for travel, trade, and information exchange. They were crucial in helping establish the Silk Road, an extensive trade network linking China to Europe and northern Africa via the Middle East. Another important use for ___________ was the Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.
Xiongnu-A 17th-century queen of Ndongo and Matamba who resisted Portuguese colonization while maintaining relations with them to engage in the slave trade--seen as the mother of modern day Angola
Encomienda and repartimiento - legal system where Spanish settlers can force labor on native Americans for the protection, similar system, more controlled by the Spanish and the crown.
La sistema de castas - caste system that established a hierarchy of social status based on racial identity.
Tupac Amaru Revolt - Last independent emperor, and the incan revolt against the conquerors .
Cowrie shells - used as money in west africa
Middle passage -the infamous sea route taken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas--supplied slaves to plantations in European colonies, supporting the growth of the New World
Kingdom of Dahomey - royal palaces, housing women, rule by Queen Mother
Queen Nzinga - A 17th-century queen of Ndongo and Matamba who resisted Portuguese colonization while maintaining relations with them to engage in the slave trade--seen as the mother of modern day Angola
British East India Company (EIC) -a trading company that played a significant role in the British colonization of India; helped Britain generate power and prestige in order to compete with the Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company (VOC) -a trading company established to compete with the British in the spice trade; resulted in the Dutch having an unrivalled hold on naval trade when combined with their advanced knowledge of navigation
Potosi, Bolivia-a city known for its massive silver mines during the Spanish colonial period--as silver became an in-demand global currency, Spain was able to generate enormous profit, which they squandered in religious pursuits
Janissaries -elite infantry units, often made up of young men seized from Christian households and converted to Islam, that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and were the key to Ottoman military success
Sati - A Hindu practice where a widow self-immolates on her husband's funeral pyre, eventually forbidden by orthodox Muslim Emperor Aurangzeb due to his strict enforcement of Islam within the Mughal Empire
Jizya - A tax levied on non-Muslims in the Mughal Empire under the rule of Emperor Aurangzeb, who sought to enforce Islam more strictly than his predecessors
Devshirme
Soft gold -a term used to refer to fur-bearing animals and their pelts; was a much sought after good by the Russians, leading to the expansion of their empire
Soft gold -a term used to refer to fur-bearing animals and their pelts; was a much sought after good by the Russians, leading to the expansion of their empire
Qing dynasty - The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. It was established by the Manchu people after they overthrew the Ming Dynasty. This period is marked by significant territorial expansion, cultural exchanges, and conflicts with Western powers, influencing China's response to modernization and industrialization.
Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) -The first treaty between Russia and China that established borders, prevented Russia's potential military defeat, and gained China's implied recognition of Russia as a state of equal status, an accomplishment not achieved by other European countries.
Declaration of Independence -A document where English colonies declared their rights to King George III; a statement that challenged old rights of Monarchy with Enlightenment ideals to define a new form of government (a REPUBLIC)
Creoles -The second most powerful social class in Spanish American society who were full blooded Europeans but were born in America. These wealthy and educated people led revolutions in Latin America and replaced the oppressive Peninsulares after the Europeans were removed.
Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos - Two Criollo priests that led revolution in Mexico against Spanish rule. _______________ represented the poorest people in Mexico and sought true reform that would improve their lives, like land reform.
Simon Bolivar-A wealthy criollo from Venezuela who was educated in Spain and led the revolution in South America against Spanish rule.
_______ hoped for a United States of South America, called "Gran Colombia." He built a Republican government that was a mix of hereditary rule and democracy, but he didn't trust the masses to fully participate in government.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - A document written in revolutionary France (1789), declaring that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights."
It was inspired by Enlightenment Ideals and the American Declaration of Independence, and helped launch the French Revolution.
Olympe de Gouges -A French playwright and political activist known for her feminist writings, who appropriated the language of the Declaration of Rights of Man to argue that women were equal to men. While women played an active role in storming the Bastille, _________ was part of a small group that campaigned for women's rights.
Napoleon Bonaparte -A French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. A highly successful general who seized power in France in 1799, __________ is credited with taming the violence of the Reign of Terror in France and for bringing a constitutional government to monarchies that he conquered across most of Europe. He named himself emperor for life and ruled France as a dictator who controlled all aspects of French society.
Toussaint Louverture -A leader of the Haitian Revolution who fought for the independence of Haiti. A former slave who learned how to read and write, he became a general who effectively led the Haitian Revolution. He was a brilliant tactician who defeated the French and other European nations that wanted to take-over Haiti, but he was captured
Jean-Jacques Dessalines - A leader of the Haitian Revolution who declared Haiti's independence. He was the first Head-of-State of the free Black republic of Haiti, and declared all Haitians as free and legally equal regardless of race. He was assassinated before he could complete his term
Seneca Falls Convention-Women's rights conference at Seneca Falls, New York (1848)
where women wrote the Declaration of Sentiments and the right to vote became a focus
Elizabeth Cady Stanton - One of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention
who wrote about women's rights using the language of the Declaration of Independence
National American Woman Suffrage Association - A women's rights organization in the U.S. with over 2 million members; shows how the women's rights movement in the Western World (Europe and the U.S.) focused its efforts on getting the right to vote for women
Kartini - woman from Java (a Dutch colony in SE Asia - Indonesia) who was born into an aristocratic family and able to get a Western education; she went to school until she was 12, when she was kicked out of due to traditions that prevented girls from going to school with boys
- taught herself and read at home because her family was wealthy enough to have books
- forced to marry by her parents, so she was not able to use her education
- died at an early age
- demonstrates the struggles faced by women in traditional societies (cultural and religious expectations provided obstacles that Western women
Huda Sharawi -Founder of the first feminist organization in Egypt (1923); traveled to Europe pursuing the feminist cause and returned to Egypt to cast her veil in the sea - many other elite Egyptian women followed her lead