CJC 101 - Final Exam Laws, Crimes, Institutions

13th Amendment

formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the nation, except as punishment for a crime

14th Amendment

granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US—including former slaves—and prohibiting states from violating their right; equal protection and due process clauses; citizenship rights

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

NPO dedicated to defending and preserving individual rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution and laws

Dana Priest

won Pulitzer Prize for best reporting; coverage of intelligence, national security, and military affairs; exposed CIA black site prisons

Drug Crimes

offenses related to the illegal use, distribution, or possession of controlled substances

George W. Bush

wartime president, reshaped US national security, foreign policy, and domestic surveillance; launched global “War on Terror”; “either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists”

Grandfather Clause

exempted white voters from literacy tests if their ancestors voted; legal provision exempting individuals from new regulations if they complied with previous rules, allowing pre-existing situations to continue unaffected

Jim Crow Laws

mandated racial segregation

Literacy Tests

examinations to determine voter eligibility based on reading, writing, and comprehension skills; discriminatory tools to disenfranchise Black citizens, immigrants, and marginalized groups

Madeleine K. Albright

Former US Secretary of State during Clinton admin, criticized Bush’s admin invasion of Iraq

Patriot Act

legalized US law enforcement to spy on citizens without warrants or due process; interagency cooperation and communication

Property Tests

discriminatory voting requirements that forced citizens to own a certain amount of land or property to register to vote

September 11, 2001, attacks

a coordinated series of suicide attacks perpetrated by the Islamist terrorist organization al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001

War on Drugs

global campaign led by the United States government that uses prohibition, military intervention, and aggressive law enforcement to eliminate the illegal drug trade

Voting Rights Act

prohibited discrimination in voting