module 1 - made

pathology

study of disease

• its causes, effects, and procedures used to determine the state of a disease

primary role of clinical pathologists in patient care

analyze microbiological test results to identify specific illnesses in patients

patient journey in canada - how is “wellness” defined

subjective baseline state of healthy living that varies by factors like age

• Wellness is subjective because what is considered “healthy” or “normal” varies significantly between individuals

• first stage of patient journey

• represents period before an individual becomes a “patient”

during health decline stage of patient journey, what is typically the first action a patient takes

patient manages the problem themselves or contacts a healthcare provider

• second phase of ideal patient journey

• transition from baseline state of health to onset of a medical issue

triage

process of determining the severity of an illness to decide the priority of treatment among patients

3 common reasons for a pateitns to be admitted into a hospital

condition severity, unidentified medical issues, need for stabilized monitoring

how does “point of care testing” improve the diagnostic process

provides real-time results at the time and place of care, reducing time to diagnose

2 possible pathways for a patient immediately following the “treatment” stage

discharge with continued monitoring or transition into palliative care

pathology disease paradigm

framework illustrating how a disease is described, diagnosed, and treated to understand its characteristics

• helps pathologists move beyond just identifying a set of symptoms, and looks at:

• underlying biological processes

• how the disease develops

• and how it can be managed

in disease paradigm, what is meant by the term “Etiology”

underlying cause of a disease such as a specific bacterium or virus

in pathology paradigm, how is “pathogenesis” defined

biological mechanisms through which a disease develops and produces its effects

what aspect of the disease paradigm describes changes in the physical structure of cells or tissues

morphological changes

“biochemical changes” refer to alterations in what specific area

chemical processes in the body, often measured through lab test values

the pathology term for the expected course or “natural history” of a disease is the

prognosis

what primary method of learning in indigenous cultures involves “learning by doing” through obsevation and action

experiential learning

in indigenous communities, who is specifically responsible for carrying forward teachings and oral stories

knowledge keepers

purpose of storytelling within indigenous oral traditions

to teach, influence behaviour, and explain phenomena in the natural world

relationality

indigenous belief that all people are related to each other, the natural environment, and the spiritual world

indigenous ontologies and epistemologies are rooted in worlviews that include both the ___ and the _____

sacred (spiritual/ceremonial)

secular (physical/worldly)

four interconnected dimensions of holism in many indigenous health perspectives

emotional, spiritual, physical, mental

what tool is commonly used by indigenous groups to express the directions and dimensions of holism

medicine wheel

how does traditional indigenous medicine differ from western medicine in its approach to symptoms

indigenous medicine treats all aspects (medical and non-medical) at once, whereas western medicine focuses on specific etiologies

3 levels of biological organization between a cell and a whole human body

tissues, organs, systems

whihc organelle serves as the “outer" skin” of the cell and regulates molecular entry and exit

plasma membrane

what structural component makes up the double layer of the plasma membrane

phospholipids

what is the primary function of the cell nuclues

• stores genome in form of DNA

• serves as site for replication and transcription

which organelle responsible for producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

mitochondria

where does the krebs cycle take place within the cell

mitochondria

what are the primary roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

protein translation, protein processing, lipid synthesis

which organelle functions like a “post office” by packaging proteins into vesicles for delivery

golgi apparatus

lysosome

organelle that digests waste products, damaged material, and engulfed pathogens using specialized enzymes

specific function of endosomes

transport, sort, store, and organize contents entering or exiting the cell

which enzyme is found in peroxisomes to neutralize hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

catalase

what is the dual role of the cytoskeleton in cellular biology

• acts as both a structural skeleton to maintain shape

• and a muscular system for internal cargo transport

central dogma

framework describing the flow of genetic info from dna to rna to protein

during what process does a cell duplicate its entire genomic DNA prior to division

replication

what occurs during “translation” phase of the central dogma

mRNA sequences are converted into amino acid sequences to form proteins

why do diff cell types (like renal cells and melanocytes) have different functions despite sharing the same DNA

• have diff gene expression profiles due to gene regulation

• cells become specialized through prcoess called differentiation which is driven by gene regulation (like turning genes on and off)

in the cellular response to a stimulus, what is the first event that triggers the signalling chain?

• stimulus ligand binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane

what is the result of a signaling protein entering the nucleus during a stimulus response

upregulates transcription to increase the production of mRNA

• gene regulation (allows a cell to respond to its internal or environmental surroundings by changing which proteins it produces)

DNA repair

cellular mechanism responsible for restoring a mutated sequence back to its original DNA sequence

which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cells that are alive but not currently dividng, such as nerve cells

G0 phase

what is the primary activity during the Gap 1 (G1) phase

active growth and the assesment of whether to commit to cell division

what critical event occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle

cell replicates its entire genome

what happens to the nucleus during the mitosis phase

nuclues dissolves to allow chromosomes to move to opposite ends of the cell

self-renewal

process by which stem cells divide to create new, undifferentiated stem cells

how to progenitor cells differ from stem cells regarding “de-differentiation”

prognitor cells cannot de-differentiate back into stem cells once they commit to a cell type

• distinction btw prognitor and stem cells is defined by their level of potential and their ability to move backward or forward in the specialization process

• once a progenitor cell begins to specialize, it must commit to only one differentiated cell type (such as skin cell, gut cell)

list 3 examples of tissues in the human body that undergo constant tissue renewal

blood cells, skin cells, cells lining the gut

what are the primary triggers for necrosis

severe lack of resoucres necessary for life, such as oxygen

why is necrosis considered harmful to surrounding tissues

releases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes that induce inflammation

apoptosis

regulated process of programmed cell death where components are disposed of without causing inflammation

what is a natural developmental example of apoptosis in humans

loss of webbing between a fetus’ fingers inside the womb

indigenous grandfather teachings include courage, love , wisdom, honesty, humility, truth, and ___

respect

what is the difference between asymmetric and symmetric cell division in stem cells

• asymmetric division results in 2 geneticall identical daughters w different gene expression such as 1 stem cell and 1 progenitor cell

in the pathology paradigm, “functional changes” refer to changes in a pateint’s ______

physiology (ex: blood pressure)

which organelle is specifically associated with the breakdown of fats for energy production

mitochondria

what is the function of vesicles in the cytoplasm

deliver cargo between different organelles within the cell

what does a “signalling protein” do once it is activated by a receptor in the cell membrane?

travels into the nucleus to influence gene transcription

what is the consequence if DNA repair safety features fail following a mutation

change in the amino acid sequence may occur, leading to mutant proteins with altered function and disease

which phase of the cell cycle is considered the “last chance” for growth and DNA checking before division

G2 phase

how does the cytoplasm maintain specific conditions for cellular processes?

its chemical composition is tightly regulated within the plasma membrane

in indigenous holism, why is being away from ones community considered a factor in disease treatment

traditional medicine recognizes non-medical social and spiritual effects as integral parts of a person’s health

what type of molecules can pass freely through the plasma membrane without transporters

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some hormones

during translation, mRNA is converted into amino acids whcih are then ____ to make functional proteins

folded

which stage of the canadian healthcare journey involves determining the priority of treatment

triage

in the context of strep throat, the presence of rheumatic fever would be categorized as a ____ in the pathology paradigm

complication

what role does molecular genetics play in modern pathology

major focus used to identify and characterize disease to influence treatment options

how does infectious disease pathology assist in health resource allocation

helps identify and allocate resources to vulnerable groups affected by outbreaks

what is the purpose of “ceremonial speeches” in the indigenous longhouse tradition

they are oral teachings passed down to leaders to be recited during community gatherings

in the cellular stimulus-response pathway, where does the mature protein go after translation

it is secreted from the cell

• the final step of the cellular stimulus-response pathway is the secretion of the mature protein into the extracellular environment

• this process is the culmination of a chain of events starting with an external stimulus and ending with the cell’s functional response to that stimulus

what happens to the total amount of cytoplasm during the growth phases (G1 and G2) of the cell cycle

the total amount of cytoplasm increases

how do “receptors” on the plasma membrane facilitate cellular function

they allow the cell to communicate with the rest of the body by binding to external signals

• receptors on plasma membrane act as cells primary communication system - serve as “antennas” that detect signals from the external environment and translate them into specific cellular actions

what is the relationship between “organs” and “systems” in the human body

• groups of organs work together towards a common purpose to form a system

knowledge from actions

an indigenous method of learning through observation, action, reflection, and further action to pass down direct experience