HASS10 WWII Test T2

WWII Second Phase progress, big three

Russia and US entered war 1941, Allies gained advantage. Big Three — Joseph Stalin, Franklin D Roosevelt, Winston Churchill- worked together plan strategies defeat Axis.mid 1942 winning.

Threat to Australia and conscription

1942 threat of invasion when Japanese Air Force bombed Darwin, Broome, and Port Hedland. postponed invasion plans PM John Curtin introduced conscription military service outside Aus- necessary for national security

Kokoda Campaign Overview & Conditions

volunteers and conscripts fought July–Nov 1942 in Owen Stanley Mountain Ranges thick jungle. mountainous, hot and humid, making movement difficult. Tropical diseases common- high casualty both sides.

Significance of Kokoda Campaign

allowed PM Curtin establish ties with US exist today,-helping defend Australia — . stopped Japanese advance through Asia. Nov 1942, Japanese retreated- second major defeat in Asia-Pacific, after Battle of Midway (June)

Germany Setbacks

two major setbacks in 1943.- Battle of Stalingrad Feb 1943, Russian troops defeated Germans pushing back toward Germany. Sep 1943, Italy surrendered, Germany lose important ally. Mussolini escaped, eventually shot 1945.

D-Day

6 June 1944, D-Day landings began, large-scale Allied attack on beaches of Normandy, France. although heavy casualties, pushed Germany back through France.

Fall of germany

early 1945, Germany surrounded. Hitler suicide 30 April 1945, Germany surrendered 7 May 1945, ending war in Europe.

Atomic Bombs & End of War

Japan refused surrender. US- Harry S Truman to avoid more casualties,- 6 August 1945, atomic bombed Hiroshima, destroying 80% of city, killing 140,000 people. Three days later, bomb Nagasaki. Japan surrendered 14 August 1945, official surrender signed 2 September 1945. war caused about 55 million deaths, widespread destruction, economic impacts

Final Solution

Holocaust-mass extermination of Jews and other groups in Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1945. Jews primary target, other groups persecuted:

• mentally ill

• physically disabled

• homosexuals

• gypsies

• Russians/Communists

• elderly.

change in extermination methods

Initially, mass shootings- inefficient and expensive.Jan 1942- poisonous gas main method -cheaper and more effective. Zyklon B pesticide released cyanide-based gas.

Extermination camps and location

deliberately built in Poland- centrally Europe. Major camps: Auschwitz, Sobibor,Treblinka. Victims transported by train, told they were being relocated for work in Poland to benefit Germany.

Selection process and deception

Upon arrival, males and females separated, “selection process” took place. physically capable individuals selected for labour, others were sent to gas chambers. often told going to showers to maintain hygiene, many didn’t realise about to be killed.

Role of the SS & Camp Operations

camps operated by the SS (Schutzstaffel), Hitler’s personal bodyguards- became powerful military organisation. carried out gassing, labour camp,- prisoners forced to remove bodies after. Before cremation, valuables like: glasses, jewellery, artificial limbs removed and sent back to Germany. Some prisoners used for scientific experiments.

Life in Labour Camps

Labour camps held prisoners who were physically capable or had useful skills. Tasks included:

• Sorting belongings of victims in “sorting sheds”

• Cutting timber for crematoriums

• Growing vegetables

• Cooking

• Working in gas chambers

If prisoners became too weak to work, sent to the gas chambers.

Holocaust Death Toll & Aftermath

Holocaust resulted in the deaths of 11–17 million people, approximately 6 million were Jews. After war, some SS officers were tried and punished, many escaped prosecution. At Auschwitz, less than 15% of those involved at Auschwitz brought to trial.

Home Front Overview

refers to civilian life in Aus during World War II. Although most fighting overseas, ppl still affected, particularly due to bombing of northern Aus.

National Security Act

National Security Act (1939) gave Aus gov increased powers during war. allowed the introduction of: rationing, censorship, identity cards.

Rationing System

controlled distribution of goods such as meat, butter, petrol, clothing, tea. ppl issued ration coupons, amount depended on size of family ensuring equal access to limited resources.

Internment camps

used to house German, Italian, and Japanese civilians living in Aus:considered potential security threats.7,000 people placed, worked on public projects- farming, building.

Censorship & Propaganda

Censorship strict, with newspapers, films, and letters monitored to prevent important information reaching enemy. Propaganda encouraged ppl not to share info, using slogan “Loose lips sink ships”, warning not to gossip

Role of Women in WWII

played a major role in supporting war effort. not allowed to fight on the front line in Aus, worked as nurses, drivers, signallers, and in radio communications.

• Worked factories producing weapons and equipment

• Joined the Australian Women’s Land Army,- farms

• Supported war through Red Cross and charity work, making comfort parcels for soldiers

After war, women expected to return to domestic roles, and were paid only half to two-thirds of male wages.

Treaty of Versailles

signed 28th June 1919

• War Guilt

• Reparations $33 bill

• Territory loss → 13% of land

• Military restrictions

• League of Nations

Road to War Europe hitlers acts of agression

• 1933: withdrew from League of Nations

• 1935: Rearmed Germany, introduced conscription

• 1936: Remilitarised Rhineland

• 1938: united Austria (Anschluss)

• 1938: Munich Conference → gained Sudetenland

• 1939: Took Czechoslovakia

• 1 Sept 1939: Invaded Poland → WWII began

Road to war Asia

• 1931: Invaded Manchuria

• 1937: sino-japanese war

• 1940: alliance with Germany & Italy (Tripartite Pact)

• dec 7 1941- attack on pearl harbour

Campaign- Attack on Pearl Harbour

7 December 1941: Japan launched surprise air strike on US naval base at Pearl Harbour.

• USA opposed expansion and cut off trade

• aimed to disable Navy

• USA entered WWII, turning point helping allies