Angielski Q&A

How do we call inability to feel pleasure?

Anhedonia

Give 3 features of a good therapist according to Rogers

1. warmth

2. genuine and honest in expressing feeling

3. showing accurate empathy

4. unconditional positive regard for the client

Decipher the acronym DID

Dissociatve Identity Disorder

How do you say “rozhamowany” in English?

disihibited

Partial blindness or paralysis due to emotional distress or psychological cause may be symptoms of a … disorder

conversion disorder

Give 2 characteristic symptoms of OCD

1. Obsessions: persistent, intrusive thoughts or images (e.g. an obsessive fear of germs and contamination)

2. Compulsions: repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel you have to do to relieve your anxiety caused by obsession, e.g. excessive hand washing, checking locked doors repeatedly

Explain the term “psychosomatic family”

one member of the family has a problem but this problem is a symptom of the condition of the whole family

What kind of humanistic therapy advises you to undergo emotional liberation by “hanging it all out”, i.e. expressing all the intense emotions?

Gestalt Therapy

One of the 2 major elements of psychodynamic therapy - it’s connected with the feelings that a patient has for their therapist which in fact are the feelings he/she had for important people in their life

transference

How do we call narcissist’s inflated, exaggerated sense of self-importance?

grandiose self

grandiosity

What is genogram?

A family tree with pathological patterns appearing through generations

How do we call a specific relationship of a therapist and patient based on mutual trust and agreement about the goals and methods of therapy?

Therapeutic alliance

Make the opposites of these words adding a negative prefix:

ability

able

adaptive

function

inability

unable

maladaptive

dysfunction

What is acrophobia?

The fear of heights

Explain phobia according to the psychodynamic approach

A phobia develops when unconscious conflicts or repressed fears are displaced from a threatening object or situation onto a less threatening one. The feared object becomes a symbolic representation of the underlying anxiety, helping the person avoid dealing with the actual unconscious conflict.

Another way of saying “self-harm”

Self-mutilation

What is logotherapy?

A therapeutic approach that helps people find personal meaning in life. It’s a form of psychotherapy that is focused on the future and on our ability to endure hardship and suffering through a search for purpose.

Why is Freud’s theory called “psychodynamic”?

Because it views the human mind as a complex energy system driven by the interaction of unconscious mental forces and drives.

Name 3 methods used by CBT. One of them should be strictly cognitive.

1. restructuring distorted thinking

2. graduated exposure

3. flooding

4. systematic desensitization

Two or more disorders occuring together

comorbidity

What is dysthymia?

A milder, but long-lasting form of depression characterized by a depressed mood that persist for at least two years in adults

Give three symptoms of the narcissistic personality disorder

1. grandiose self

2. exaggerated sens of self-importance

3. self-absorption

4. crave attention

Give three symptoms of the paranoid personality disorder

1. suspicious

2. inhibited

3. mistrust

Symptoms of Avoidant personality disorder

1. extremely sensitive to rejection

2. withdraw from attachments rather than risk loosing them

Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

1. fear of abandonment

2. unstable and intense in personal relationships

3. identity disturbance

4. impulsivity

5. recurrent suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempts

6. Emotional lability

7. Chronic feeling of emptiness

8. Inappropriate and intense shows of anger

9. Transient, stress-induced paranoid ideation

Symptoms of OCD

1. persistent, intrusive thoughts or images (obsessions)

2. repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsion)

3. anxiety when trying to resist the compulsion

4. cognitive and behavioral rigidity

Symptoms of depression

1. excessive sadness

2. hopelessness

3. fatigue

Symptoms of schizophrenia

1. bizarre delusions and hallucinations, especially auditory ones

2. disorganized, incoherent speech (“word salad”)

3. grossly disorganized, inappropriate behavior

4. impaired cognitive abilities

5. auditory hallucinations

Express these symptoms of schizophrenia in a different way:

1. incoherent speech

2. hearing voices

3. problems with thinking and perception

1. word salad

2. auditory hallucinations

3. impaired cognitive skills

Explain the term: dissociative fugue

A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly travels away from home or their usual surroundings and experiences memory loss about their identity or past.

A method of therapy which postulates accepting one’s problems or “weakness” before implementing change.

DBT - Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

How do we call a behavioral method of therapy which makes the client gradually less sensitive to some stimulus?

Systematic desensitization

Decipher the acronym ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

What is suicidal ideation?

Suicidal ideation refers to thoughts, wishes, or plans about ending one's own life. It can range from fleeting thoughts of death to detailed planning of a suicide attempt.

Who was the founder of a kind of existential therapy called logotherapy?

Viktor Frankl

Name an eating disorder different than anorexia or bulimia

Pica

Translate into English:

1. myśli prześladowcze

2. urojenia

3. rozpamiętywanie

1. thoughts of persecution

2. delusions

3. rumination

Decipher the acronym GAD

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

What does it mean when psychologists say that they observe a high prevalence of some disorder?

a large proportion of people in a population have the disorder during a specified period of time. High prevalence means the disorder is relatively common.

What is free-floating anxiety?

It is a persistent sense of dread, unease, or tension that is not directed toward any specific situation, object, or trigger.

It is a general sense of worry or tension that seems to exist without a clear trigger.

What does the object-relation school consider the main human conflict?

the conflict autonomy - dependence

What does it mean that someone has a low interoceptive awareness?

A person has difficulty noticing, identifying, or accurately interpreting signals coming from their own body, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, breathing changes, or emotional arousal.

What is Id?

1. Present from birth

2. Completely unconscious

3. Operates according to pleasure principle

4. Seeks immediate gratifications of desires and needs

Ego

1. Develops during infancy

2. Operates according to reality principle

3. Tries to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially acceptable ways

4. Partly conscious and unconscious

5. Acts as a mediator between the demands of the ID, the restrictions of reality and moral standards of the superego

Superego

1. Develops around ages 3-6

2. Morality principle

3. Represents moral standards, values and ideas learned from parents and society

4. Acts as a conscience

5. Strives for perfection

Why does the Ego create defense mechanism?

to reduce anxiety and protect the conscious mind from distressing thoughts, feelings, or conflicts.

Repression

“Forget it!”

Denial

Refuse to accept it

Projection

It’s them, not me

Displacement

Redirect feelings at someone else

Reaction formation

Act opposite

Rationalization

Excuse it

Regression

Go back to earlier behavior

Sublimation

Redirect into acceptable activity

Describe Oral stage

Oral stage (0–18 months) – Pleasure is focused on the mouth (sucking, feeding). Fixation may lead to dependency or oral habits later in life.

Describe anal stage

1. 18 months - 3 years

2. main issue: toilet training

3. developing of the Ego

4. Anal retentive

5. Anal expulsive

Phallic stage

1. 3-6 years

2. pleasure focused on genitals

3. superego develops

4. Oedipus complex

5. Castration fear / anxiety

Latency stage

1. 6 years - puberty

2. dormant sexual impulses

3. focus on school, friendship

Genital stage

1. puberty - adulthood

2. mature relationships

3. doesn’t cause any fixations

How does the biological model explain abnormality?

1. Psychological disorders have a biological or medical cause.

2. Abnormality is attributed to factors such as: -faulty neurotransmitters systems, genetic problems or brain dysfunction

3. Example: Depression is explained as being caused by chemical imbalances or genetic inheritance

How does the Psychological models explain abnormality?

Focus on mental processes, learning and internal conflicts rather than physical causes.

1. Psychodynamic: disordered behavior serves as a defense mechanism against unconscious conflict.

2. Behaviorist: abnormality as the result of classical conditioning

3. CBT: abnormality as the result of faulty cognitions and maladaptive learned behaviors that cause and maintain emotional and psychological problems.

What are the symptoms of PTSD?

• Intrusion symptoms – recurrent distressing memories, flashbacks, or nightmares about the traumatic event.

• Avoidance – avoiding reminders, thoughts, feelings, people, or places associated with the trauma.

• Negative changes in mood and thinking – feelings of guilt, fear, detachment, negative beliefs, or difficulty remembering parts of the trauma.

• Hyperarousal / reactivity – increased alertness, irritability, difficulty sleeping, concentration problems, and an exaggerated startle response

Which distorted thought processes may lead to excessive anxiety?

• Catastrophizing

• Overgeneralization – drawing broad negative conclusions from a single event.

• minimization

• Magnification – exaggerating the importance or likelihood of threats.

• All-or-nothing thinking

What is the “dissociative amnesia”?

an inability to recall important personal information, usually following trauma or stress, that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetting or brain injury.

What is the retrograde amnesia?

Loss of memories for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia or brain damage.

Typical cause: brain injury, stroke, trauma

What is anterograde amnesia?

inability to form and store new memories after the onset of amnesia or brain damage.

What is the dissociative fugue?

a dissociative disorder involving sudden travel away from one's usual environment, accompanied by memory loss about one's identity or personal history; the person may even assume a new identity.

Depersonalization

a dissociative experience in which a person feels detached from themselves, as if they are observing their thoughts, feelings, or body from outside.

Derealization

a dissociative experience in which the external world feels unreal, strange, dreamlike, or distorted.

Learned helplessness

the tendency to stop trying to change or escape an unpleasant situation after repeated experiences of lack of control, often leading to passivity and depression.

Orthorexia

An unhealthy obsession with eating “pure” or “healthy” food; pathological fixations on food quality, leading to extreme dietary restrictions

Pica

An eating disorder characterized by the compulsive, persistent craving and consumption of non-nutritive, non-food substances with no nutritional value

Rumination disorder

is an eating disorder characterized by the repeated regurgitation and rechewing or reswallowing of food for at least one month, without a medical cause explaining the behavior.

low self-regard

niska samoocena

a family system perspective (family-based therapy)

only one person is in therapy, but they analyze themselves as a part of the family system

Mentalization

is the ability to understand and interpret one's own and other people's behavior in terms of underlying mental states, such as thoughts, feelings, intentions, desires, and beliefs.

Enactment

is a family therapy technique where clients recreate their usual patterns of interaction in session so the therapist can observe and help modify dysfunctional family dynamics

Epiphenomenon

a side-effect,a secondary effect or byproduct that occurs alongside a primary process.

iatrogenic

an illness, injury, or adverse condition that occurs as a result of medical treatment or a doctor's actions

Characterize psychodynamic therapy

1. Psychological problems stem from unconscious conflicts, unresolved childhood experiences and maladaptive relationship patterns

2. psychological symptoms are seen as defensive mechanisms the mind creates to protect itself from painful, hidden drives and thoughts

3. Methods: free association, dream analysis, transference, slip of the tongue

Humanistic therapy

1. based on belief that humans are inherently good, possess free will and have natural, innate drive toward growth and self-actualization

2. Root of problems: disconnection from the “true self” and a lack of self-acceptance. Individual feels the pressure to hide their true feelings, blocking their path to personal growth

3. Methods: unconditional positive regard, active listening, emphatetic responding

Family system therapy

1. changes in one person’s behavior will inevitably impact the whole system

2. Root of problems: dysfunctional interaction patterns, maladaptive communication

3. Problems are viewed as symptoms of a struggling relational system

4. Methods: genogram, reframing

5. multigenerational approach

What are three components of the psyche according to Jung?

1. The ego

2. the personal unconscious

3. the collective unconscious

An archetype

A primordial, mythological image, an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way, acting as an “organizing principle” on the things we see or do

The Shadow - dark side of the ego

The persona - your public image

The Self - the ultimate unity of the personality; center of psyche

The dynamics of the psyche according to Jung

1. The principle of opposites

2. The principle of equivalence

3. The principle of entropy

How does the trait theory define personality?

as a combination of stable, measurable characteristics (traits) that dictate how a person consistently thinks, feels, and behaves across different situations.

Personality is a collection of stable traits that influences behavior

How does the social cognitivism define personality?

as the dynamic, ongoing interaction between a person's internal thoughts, their observable behaviors, and the external environment.

How does the humanism define personality?

as the ongoing, subjective expression of an individual's innate drive toward personal growth, self-awareness, and self-actualization