VME3001: UF The Dog Exam #2

T or F:Positive Taste would be small amounts salty, sweet, and umami

true

A Negative taste for dogs would be:

salty (large amounts), bitter, and sour

How are sensory systems studied?

Behavioral Research, Electric Stimulus, Anatomic Research

T or F: Dogs have much better hearing than humans

True

What part of the ear works with the brain to help maintain balance?

Inner ear

Dogs are (blank) and they have vision that is equivalent to (blank) blindness in humans

Dogs are dichromates and they have vision that is equivalent to red-green color blindness in humans

scotopic vision

-high sensitivity to light

-low color sensitivity

Somatosensation

-TOUCH

- important for puppies

-mechanoreceptors covering the body

-Vibrissae= whiskers

Gustation

-TASTE

-not extremely important for dogs

-Carnivorous diet= strong sense for umami, weak for salt, adequate for sweet/sour

Olfaction

-SMELL

-most developed system in the dog

-natural uses= finding a mate, locating prey, delineating

territory

vermeronasal organ (VNO)

big tube coming straight to the nose

Dog massage and acupuncture

sense of touch can help to heal a dog and build better relationships with dogs

vestibular system

important for body position, movement, and balance

- the nerve comes out onto the snail shell looking part of the ear drum (cochlea)

Nociceptive System

free nerve endings used to detect noxious stimuli or extreme temperature changes

Carnivore dentition

- canine teeth are for gripping

-molars are for cutting or tearing

Dogs have (blank) stomachs and short (blank) intestines

Dogs have simple monogastric stomachs and short large intestinal tracts

T or F: Dogs require arginine but not as much as cats

True

Fat digestion in dogs

Almost all fat is digested in the small intestine

T or F: Heart attacks in dogs are extremely common

False. Dogs rarely have heart attacks

How is blood glucose levels maintained?

maintained through glyconeogenesis from protein to glycerol

absorbable carbohydrates

monosaccharides and alcohols

Digestible carbohydrates

disaccharides and starch

fermentable carbohydrates

polysaccharides

non-fermentable carbohydrates

polysaccharide lignin

Do dogs require absorbable digestible carbohydrates?

-during pregnancy low protein and no carbs is fatal

-during pregnancy high protein and no carbs is ok

Volatile Fatty Acids

-source of energy

-butyrate is preferred fuel of colonocyte

-they promote Na and H2O absorption

-stimulates blood flow

-prevents diversion colitis

a diet with high fat, low carbs, and low VFA would mean what type of feces?

firm

a diet with low fat, high carbs, and high VFA would mean what type of feces?

Loose

Vitamin and Mineral Requirements

-most are uniform across species

-do not require vitamin C but require vitamin D

-salt requirements are low because dogs dont sweat and the loss of heat is through panting are small

higher stamina when a dog is fed a high (blank) diet

high carb diet

What are the types of muscle fibers in dogs?

-High oxidative:

*slow-twitch (Type 1)

*Fast-twitch (Type IIb)

-Low oxidative:

*in cats not dogs

*fast-twitch (Type IIa)

primary cleft lip involves what?

the lip

sceondary cleft lip involves what?

involves the hard or soft palate

congenital pregnancy conditions that can cause a puppy to be born with a cleft lip:

-excessive vitamin A

-cortisone use

-viral illness

-hypoxia

-pesticide exposure

almost all fats that dogs consume are digested in the:

small intestine

T or F:Dogs cannot digest protein well

False

in regards to nutritional requirements, mark the correct statement below:

1. both dogs and cats can eat each others food

2.neither dogs nor cats can each eachothers food

3.dogs can eat cat food, but cats cant eat dog food

4. cats can eat dog food, but dogs cant eat cat food

correct answer: dogs can eat cat food, but cat cant eat dog food

why are dogs less likely to get heart attacks compared to humans?

the have a low density and high density lipoprotien ratio that is reversed compared to humans

In the portasystematic shunt case what fact in the examination was indicative/suggestive of a metabolic problem?

fluctuating clinical signs

T or F: a portal venogram uses contrast media to visualize veins through radiographs

True

the (blank) and (blank) are both involved in amplyfiying sound waves?

tympanic membrane and the ear bone

a dog has more than (blank) olfactory receptors in its nose, while humans only have 5 million

220 million

T or F: taste is an extremely important sense for dogs

False

An organ in dogs involved in detecting pheromones is called_________ organ.

vomernasal

dogs a scotopic which means

they have a high sensitivity to light and a low sensitivity to color

myasthenia, a disease in dogs, is when

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed

the attachment of a bicep muscle at the interesection is fairly close to a joint. this close distance to the joint allowa for :

an increase in joint movement when the muscle reacts

in dog skeletal structures dog size is (blank) to strength

proportional

what is important for the interaction between actin and myosin

the release of internal calcium

When muscles attach to the region of the body that is closest to the center of the body, this is called____?

the origin of the muscle

In Cushings disease (blank) levels would be elevated as an indication

cortisol

the adrenal gland is located on

top of the kidney

thyroid glands are unusual in that the cells store their hormonal secretions ___________ of the cell

outside

what class of hormone originates from a cholesterol precursor

steriods

Which organ creates protein/peptide hormones?

-anterior pituitary

-thyroid

-parathyroid

all of the above

the organ involved in sperm production is the

hypothalamus

Besides dogs, Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in one other animal, which is ____?

humans

the correct order of sperm cell development from beginning to end is as follows: spermatogonium, spermatid, secondary spermocyte, spermatozoa?

false

the role of the oviduct is

-picks up the oocyte after it has ovulated

-site of fertilization

-nourishes the zygote

(ALL OF THE ABOVE)

which of the following is the site of sperm production?

seminferous tubles

Gene therapy that is NOT inherited is called?

somatic gene therapy

gene therapy is currently only being conducted in humans and not in dogs.

False

what is true about getting gene therapy to cage side?

Requires IACUC approval

when animals have cartilage degradation and no or little synovial inflammation, they have

oseteroarthritis

what is true about retrovirus

the genetic material is in the form of RNA molecules

the majority of animals used in research today consist of dogs and cats.

False

what breed of dog is normally used in research?

Beagle

which researcher utilized dogs to discover the feasibility of using intravenous drug delivery?

Sir Christopher Wren

toxicity studies overseen by the FDA require the use of rodent or non-rodent animal model.

False

One disease that is studied in both dogs and humans is cyclic hematopoiesis. in this disease there are periodic fluctuations of _____.

neutrophils in the blood

clinical presentation of Von Gierke's disease are:

-lactic acidosis

-growth retardation

-failure to thrive

(ALL OF THE ABOVE)

A _________ breeds and raise dog on their own premises in a closed stable colony

class A dealer

which disease found in dogs has the following characteristics: there is a degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles in affected animals, animals exhibit debilitating limb contracture, golden retrievers are commonly affected etc.

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy