Eating disorders and Heart Disease and the Circulatory System

What is the human biological makeup?

2 million types of proteins that run on the energy of ATP, converted fats, and glucose

How many people do eating disorders effect?

30 millions Americans

What percentage of women will be diagnosed with an eating disorder?

nearly 15% by their 40’s or 50’s

What percentage of men will be diagnosed with an eating disorder?

nearly 13% by their 40’s or 50’s

What is the fastest growing age group for eating disorders?

Children under 12

What is the percentage increase of eating disorders in the past decade?

112% increase

What percentage of people will receive treatment for eating disorders?

25%

Anorexia Nervosa

People see themselves as overweight even when dangerously underweight

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa

Weighing themselves repeatedly, restricting amount of food, eating small quantities of food, emaciation, pursuit of thinness, fear of gaining weight

Eating disorder with the highest mortality rate

Anorexia Nervosa

How does Anorexia Nervosa damage the body

It damages the heart and elads to heart attacks

Bulimia Nervosa

Have recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusual amounts of food and feeling a lack of control followed by vomiting, fasting, use of a laxative, or excessive exercise

Could you see a difference in the body of someone with Bulimia?

Not all the time, they can maintain a healthy or normal weight

Symptoms of Bulimia

Chronically inflamed and sore throat, swollen salivary glands, worn tooth enamel (from exposure to stomach acid), acid reflux, severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

How does Bulimia effect enamel?

Gastric fluids erode tooth enamel during vomiting and change the form of teeth

What is the pH of gastric fluids?

1

What is binge eating?

Eating large amounts of food in a specific amount of time, even when full or not hungry

Symptoms of binge eating

Binge episodes, uncomfortably full, eating alone to avoid embarrassment

When do eating disorders appear?

Childhood or young adulthood

How do eating disorders affect the sexes?

They affect both sexes, females are 2x more likely than males to have an eating disorders

What are eating disorders caused by?

Genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors

Eating disorders running in families

Some DNA variations could link increased risk of developing eating disorders

Why do women have a greater risk of eating disorders?

Society puts pressure on women to look like models

Unrealistic body standards

Only 0.1% of women have a typical model body

Treatments for eating disorders

• Psychotherapy

• Drug therapies

• Avoiding excessive and extreme dieting

Cellular Respiration

Sugar (glucose) is converted into ATP that is used by cells to stay alive

Mitochondria

Where cellular respiration occurs for production of ATP

What is ATP used for

Energy for the contraction of a muscle

What is ATP?

Adenosine Tri-phosphate, 3 phosphate groups, higher energy state, more available energy for the cell

What is ATP compared to?

A fully charged battery, when ATP is used it drains the battery

ATP-ADP cycle

• Muscle contraction uses ATP

• ADP is a low energy molecule

• Cellular respiration (Converts ADP to ATP)

ADP- Adenosine Di-phosphate

2 phosphate group, lower energy state, no available energy for the cell

What is ADP compared to?

A dead battery, energy is used up, must be recharged by cellular respiration

ATP-ADP Cycle

Energy is released to power a cell, ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate

What does eating food provide?

A new source of energy i.e glucose

What does glucose in food provide?

It provides energy to bond phosphate back on to ADP

Why do organisms need ATP

As fuel for cellular and metabolic processes

What does cellular respiration do for ADP?

It converts it and phosphate and back into ATP

What are proteins?

Chains of amino acids

What are fats?

3 fatty acids bound to glycerol

What are carbohydrates?

Individual or chains of simple sugars (saccharides)

Protein synthesis

• Amino acids form linear chains

• Chain of amino acids forms peptides

• Peptides fold into complex structures, called proteins

What are fats composed of?

Glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids (triglyceride)

What are fats?

High energy molecule that provide for long term energy storage

What are carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides attach to other monosaccharides to form more saccharides

What is a saccharide?

Sugar

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

Glucose

Maltose

Formed when two glucose monosaccharides bind to form a disaccharide

What is a starch?

A complex carbohydrate

Polysaccharide

Made of many glucose molecules

What do saccharides join to form?

A polysaccharide

Energy storage molecules in plants

Readily digested into individual glucose molecules to fuel cellular respiration throughout the body

What is cellulose?

A complex carbohydrate, made fo glucose molecules

What polysaccharide is not digested by humans?

Cellulose

Where does cellulose pass through?

The digestive system as undigested fiber

Path of food molecule:

• Food

• Digestive system

• Circulatory system

• Body cells

Digest

Break down into smaller pieces

Digestion of starch (carbohydrate)

No digestion of starch in the stomach, glucose is absorbed through walls of small intestine to circulate throughout the body

Starch breakdown

• Amylase

• Maltose

• Glucose

Digestion of protein

• HCL and Pepsin

• Shorter polypeptides

• Amino acids

Digestion of fat

Bile from liver emulsifies fat to fat droplets

What does lipase from the pancreas do?

Converts fat droplets to fatty acids and gycerol

Digestive system

Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids pass through villi of small intestine

What do digested food molecules do after passing through the small intestine?

Move through the liver and travels via circulatory system

Before digestion

Undigested food molecules are too large to passfrom digestive tract into blood

What happens to undigested food in the large intestine?

It is compacted then exits through the anus

After digestion

Digested food molecules can pass from digested tract into blood

What do digested food molecules do?

Enter the circulatory system and spread to cells throughout the body

What are capillaries?

Small veins that service cells of the body

Arterial end capillaries

Oxygen, amino acids, and glucose move out of the capillary into the cells

Venous end capillaries

Carbon dioxide, waste and water move into the capillary from the cells

Acid reflux

When sphincter muscles at the lower end of the esophagus relaxed at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid back into the esophagus

What can acid reflux cause?

Heartburn can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Peptic ulcer

Open sores that develop inside the lining of esophagus, stomach, and upper portion of small intestine from stomach acid

What bacteria can cause ulcers?

Heliobacter Pylori

What does Helicobacter Pylori do?

Disrupts protective mucus covering of stomach lining

Who made the discovery about Heliobacter Pylori

Dr. Barry Marshall

A myth about peptic ulcers

That spicy food or a stressful job can cause peptic ulcers

How are peptic ulcers treated?

With oral antibiotics and antacids

Where is the thyroid located?

In the base of the neck, near the voice box, above breastbone

What causes a goiter

No thyroxine

Why is having no thyroxine bad?

Without it nothing is able to stop the pituitary from making large amounts of TSH which overstimulates the Thyroid

How does a goiter occur?

When the thyroid is unable to produce, from a lack of iodine in the diet

No thyroxine

No negative feedback

How to treat thryroid cancer

May have to have the thyroid removed

Why is thyroid cancer bad?

People are unable to produce thyroxine and must take synthetic thyroxine forever

What happens if someone takes too much synthetic thyroxine?

Their body would have low levels of TSH

Too much thyroxine

Increases metabolism

Diabetes

Disorder of metabolism and problem with the insulin system

What is metabolism?

The way our body uses digested food for growth and energy

What is one of the leading causes of death?

Diabetes

How many diabetics are in the U.S?

29 million

How many people have not been diagnosed with diabetes yet?

Millions

What does the pancreas do?

Produces insulin which allows glucose to move into cells

What do cells use glucose for?

For cellular respiration

Effects of insulin

Opens channels in cell membranes which allows glucose to enter the cell

What happens to the body without insulin?

Glucose stays in the bloodstream which makes in unavailable to the cells

Pre-diabetes

People who have high blood glucose levels than normal people after a meal

What happens to people with pre-diabetes?

The glucose in their blood doesn’t leave capillaries and enter the cell as it should

What does the digestive system add to the blood?

It adds glucose faster than the glucose can enter the cells and be used during cellular respiration