Chapter 32 - Elementary Particles

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2 ________= r • Synchrocyclotron- A device used in a cyclotron that reduces frequency in time to correspond to the increase in γm Synchrotron • A device that accelerates particles by increasing the magnetic field, B, particles move in a circle • The largest accelerators in the world are synchrotrons and use rows of magnets in order to carry particles • Synchrotron Radiation- Radiation emitted by the EM fields generated by a synchrotron Linear Accelerator • Linear Accelerator- Particles are accelerated along a straight path passing through tubular conductors, voltage within the tubes alternates to attract particles between the gaps and allow them to flow more Colliding Beams • Colliding Beams- Two beams of particles are accelerated and made to collide head on, accomplished in a single accelerator through the use of storage rings 32.2 Beginning of Elementary Particle Physics- Particle Exchange • A force can be thought of as a field OR an exchange of particles between two objects • For the electromagnetic force, photons are exchanged which gives rise to the force between two objects • The photon is emitted by one charged particle and absorbed by another, so it can not be seen and is referred to as a virtual photon, and is said to carry the EM force • Another particle serves a similar purpose but for the strong nuclear force, called the meson • Mesons carry the strong nuclear force between protons and neutrons • The particles that carry the weak force are referre to as W+, W−, Z0 • The particle that carries the gravitational force is called the graviton, but it has not yet been detected 32.3 Particles and Antiparticles • Antiparticles are very similar to regular particles but have some properties reversed • Antiprotons- Have the same mass as protons but has a negative charge • All particles have an antiparticle • Antimatter- Refers to matter composed of antiparticles Negative Sea of Electrons • It was discovered that that equation.

High-Energy Accelerator

Devices used to accelerate particles to high energies for experimentalpurposes

Synchrocyclotron

A device used in a cyclotron that reduces frequency in time to correspond to the increase in γm

Synchrotron Radiation

Radiation emitted by the EM fields generated by a synchrotron

Linear Accelerator

Particles are accelerated along a straight path passing through tubular conductors, voltage within the tubes alternates to attract particles between the gaps and allow them to flow more

Colliding Beams

Two beams of particles are accelerated and made to collide head on, accomplished in a single accelerator through the use of storage rings

Antiprotons

Have the same mass as protons but has a negative charge

Antimatter

Refers to matter composed of antiparticles

Baryon Number

A generalization of nucleon number, nucleons have a baryon number of 1 and antinucleons have a baryon number of -1

Muon Lepton Number

Muons and muon neutrinos have a muon lepton number of Lμ = +1 and their antiparticles have a number of Lμ = −1

Tau Lepton Number

Tau leptons and tau neutrinos have a tau lepton number of Lτ = +1 and their antiparticles have a number of Lτ = −1

Solar Neutrino Problem

The sun emits electron neutrinos but when measurements began in the1960s, rates of neutrinos were much lower than expected

Grand Unified Theory

A theory that incorporates multiple forces

String Theory

An attempt to unify all 4 forces, it suggests fundamental particles are actually strings that vibrate at a specific standing wave pattern

Supersymmetry

A theory that suggests interactions that would change fermions to bosons and vice versa exist