AP Lang Summer Work Vocab

audience

The listener, viewer, or reader of a text

(Most texts are likely to have multiple)

concession

An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable

(In a strong argument, this is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument)

connotation

Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation

(usually positive or negative, and can greatly affect the author's tone)

context

The circumstance, atmosphere, attitude, and events surrounding a text

counterargument

An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward.

(Rather than ignoring this, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation)

ethos

Greek for "character."

(Speakers appeal to this to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic)

(This is established by both who you are and what you say)

logos

Greek for "embodied thought."

(Speakers appeal to this [reason] by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up)

occasion

The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written

pathos

Greek for “suffering” or “experience.”

(Speakers appeal to this to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to this might play on the audience’s values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other)

persona

Greek for “mask.” The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.

polemic

Greek for “hostile.” An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others.

(generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit)

propaganda

The spread of ideas and information to a further cause. In a negative sense, this is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.

purpose

The goal the speaker wants to achieve.

refutation

A denial of the validity of an opposing argument.

(In order to sound reasonable, these often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable)

rhetoric

An Aristotle defined term, “the faculty of observing in any given case the available mean of persuasion.” It is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.

rhetorical appeals

Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are ethos, logos, and pathos.

rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)

A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text

SOAPS

A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember various elements that make up a rhetorical situation.

speaker

The person or group who creates a text.

(This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement)

subject

The topic of a text. What the text is about.

text

This term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be “read” - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashions, cultural trends, and much more.

alliteration

Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.

allusion

Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art

anaphora

Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.

antimetabole

Repetition of words in reverse order.

antithesis

Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.

archaic diction

Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.

asyndeton

Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.

cumulative sentence

Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.

hortative sentence

Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.

imperative sentence

Sentence used to command or enjoin.

inversion

Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order).

juxtaposition

Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.

metaphor

Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as.

oxymoron

Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another

parallelism

Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.

periodic sentence

Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.

personification

Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.

rhetorical question

Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.

synedoche

Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.

zeugma

Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.