Study guide 7,8,9 and 10

What is cellular respiration?

A metabolic process that converts glucose into energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen.

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), and Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.

What occurs during the Krebs Cycle?

Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH₂, while releasing CO₂.

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What drives ATP production in the ETC?

The proton gradient created by pumping protons (H⁺) across the membrane.

What is fermentation?

An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

What are the two types of fermentation?

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation.

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.

What are redox reactions?

Coupled reactions involving the transfer of electrons.

What does NAD⁺ do in cellular respiration?

Acts as an electron carrier and coenzyme.

What hinders the glycolysis process when ATP levels are high?

Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by high levels of ATP and citrate.

What are the key inputs for photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O), and Light Energy.

What is the main product of photosynthesis?

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and Oxygen (O₂) as a byproduct.

Where do light-dependent reactions occur in photosynthesis?

In the thylakoid membranes.

What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle?

Glucose (or other carbohydrates), ADP, and NADP⁺.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

What is quorum sensing in bacteria?

A process that enables bacteria to sense and respond to population density through signaling molecules.

What are the two types of tumors?

Benign (non-cancerous) and Malignant (cancerous).

What is cytokinesis?

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

What is the significance of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

They ensure the cell is ready to progress through the cycle and can prevent errors.

What is a karyotype?

A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes.

NAD⁺

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, an important electron carrier and coenzyme that accepts electrons and a proton to become NADH.

NADH

Reduced form of NAD⁺ that carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) for ATP production.

Oxidation

The process of losing electrons; the molecule is oxidized and acts as an electron donor.

Reduction

The process of gaining electrons; the molecule is reduced and acts as an electron acceptor.

Chemiosmosis

The movement of protons (H⁺) back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, facilitating ATP production.

Proton Gradient

A difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane created by the ETC, essential for ATP synthesis.

Final Electron Acceptor

Oxygen in aerobic conditions; combines with electrons and protons to form water.

Fermentation Yield

Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule, significantly less than aerobic respiration, which yields 36-38 ATP.

ATP Synthase

The enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, powered by the flow of protons through it.

Citric Acid Cycle Yield

Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH