GEOG 1114 Exam 2

If a surface absorbs insolation

its temperature increases

If the surface of Earth were to suddenly turn white, the temperature of the planet would ____because _______ insolation would be absorbed

decrease; less

What are the reasons for energy surplus between the tropics?

high insolation, consistent day length, little seasonal variations

What are the reasons for energy deficit in the polar regions?

low sun angle, high albedo due to snow and ice, up to six months without insolation

The relationship between insolation and air temperature through the course of day shows

air temperature reaches a maximum afternoon, whereas insolation reaches a maximum at noon

If the amount of low, thick stratus cloud cover increases, the Earth's climates would likely_______due to increased ______.

Cool; reflectivity

When water evaporates from a surface, what occurs?

energy is stored within the water

Imagine two hypothetical cities, both located at 12 degrees N latitude. However, one is located near sea level, while the other at an elevation of 4,000 m (13,123 ft) above sea level. What happens?

Through both cities are within the tropics, the city at the higher elevation has been average monthly and yearly temperatures lower than the city near sea level.

What is a thing regarding clouds?

They have a moderating influence on temperatures

The specific heat of land is _______ than water and, therefore, and heats more ________ than water.

lower; quickly

A(n) _____is an instrument used to measure wind speed

anemometer

An increase in air pressure will cause the mercury in a barometer to

rise

Winds are named based on

the direction from which they originate

What is a determinant of wind speed and direction

pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, friction force, gravitational force

The Coriolis Force

causes the apparent deflection of winds from a straight path

In the Northern Hemispheres, winds spiraling counterclockwise into a low pressure area are

cyclonic

The intertropical convergence zone is characterized by

convergence and uplift of warm surface air

Cyclones

low pressure cells

Hadley cells are

most vertically symmetrical on either side of the equator at the equinoxes

If earth did not rotate, air would flow

perpendicular to the isobars, i.e., straight across the isobars

Deposition

gas to solid

Melting

solid to liquid

Condensation

gast to liquid

Vaporization

liquid to gast

What month would the relative humidity likely be the highest (assuming a Northern Hemisphere station)

January

Relative humidity is

the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the water vapor capacity of the air

Assume a warm air parcel, at sea level, has a temperature (21 degree C, 70f) and begins to rise upward. Assume it becomes saturated at 1000m (3300 ft) altitude, and continues to rise to 2000m (6600 ft.) altitude. What would the approximate temperature of the parcel be at an elevation fo 2000m (6600 ft)?

5 degrees C (46.4 degrees f)

The wet adiabatic rate is _______ than the dry adiabatic rate because _____

less; condensation heats the air

When the environmental lapse rate is between the dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates conditions are described as

conditionally unstable

An air parcel is considered unstable when it

continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has a similar temperature

Puffy or globular clouds are called

cumuliform

Cooling of a surface overnight that chills the air layer directly above that surface may form

a radiation fog

a mT air mass _____than a cT air mass

forms over an ocean and is usually more humid

What is phase changes decreases the temperature of the air?

ice to water

When a cold cP air masses passes over the warmer Great Lakes, it absorbs heat energy and moisture and becomes humidified. This is known as

lake effect

air rising as a result of being stimulated by local surface heating is an example of ______ lifting

convectional

air displacement at a zone of discontinuity between two air masses of different temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, and direction, and cloud development is an example of _______ lifting

frontal

What is an open stage of a midlatitude cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere?

warm air moves northward along an advancing front, while cold air advances southward

Cold front

abruptly lifted warmer air, hard rain and possible lightning

Warm front

drizzly precipitation

Squall line

turbulent, changing wind patterns slightly ahead of a cold front

What are the ingredients associated with thunderstorm formation?

warm, moist air, rising, unstable air, a lifting mechanism

______ are the strongest thunderstorms?

supercells

The severity of storm activity along a warm front is _____ than that along most cold fronts because the rate of uplift is ________ along a warm front

less; slower

Tornadoes

associated with mesocyclone

NET R values are positive

during the daylight hours, peaking just afternoon with the peak of insolation

When water is transformed from a gas into a liquid

latent heat is released from a gas

Insolation

shortwave radiation = UV, Visible, and near infrared

The greenhouse effect is caused by

the atmosphere's allowing shortwave radiation to pass through while absorbing longwave radiation

What NET R terms would be associated with a hot, dry, climate? (LE = latent heat of evaporation; H = sensible heat; G=ground heating and cooling)

LE small; H large; G large

Late afternoon urban temperatures are 1-3 degree celcius warmer than those of nearby rural areas on a sunny summer day. This phenomenon is called:

urban heat island

Warmest time of day is usually

Late afternoon (the lag)

_____ is used in a barometer because ______

Mercury; it weighs more than water

The pressure gradient force pulls air

perpendicular to the isobars

Cyclone equals

clockwise circulation in the Southern Hemisphere

If Santa flew from the North Pole due South along the Greenwich meridian and did not correct his course, he would land

west of the 100 degree meridian

Based on the Hadley Circulation Model, large deserts are most likely to occur at which of the following latitudes?

30 degrees

Wind is

initiated by the pressure gradient force, blows from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure, direction of flow can be affected by the rotation of Earth, are named based on the direction from which they blow.

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is characterized by

convergence and uplift of warm surface air

At the surface, prevailing westerly winds are most often located--

in the mid latitudes

What location is the most likely to have rising air motion is

Central Africa

During the day, people of the coast of Florida will usually experience a

cool sea breeze

At night, people in a valley near a mountain range will usually experience a

cool mountain breeze

Trade winds drive ocean surface waters

westward

What is thermohaline circulation

they are deep currents caused by difference in temperature and salinity

What water evaporates, it _______ heat energy and ______ the surrounding air

absorbs; cools

When a liquid is transformed into a solid,

energy is released from the liquid

To condense water (make rain)

Air pressure needs to increase, and needs to decrease

An air parcel at T=86 degrees f has a vapor pressure of 30 mb. Thus, the relative humidity of this air parcel is

100 \* (30/45)

A cold piece of metal collects water on its surface because

water vapor condenses on this metal

The greater the difference between the air and dew point temperatures on a certain hour of the day, the ______ the air is and the _____ the relative humidity

drier; lower

The wet adiabatic lapse rate is _______ than the dry adiabatic lapse rate because _______

less; condensation heat the air

The average dry adiabatic lapse rate is

10 degrees C/1000 m

The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10 degree celsius per 1 kilometer. The moist adiabatic lapse rate is 6 degrees celsius per 1 kilometer. If an unsaturated air parcel rises 1 kilometer, how much will its temperature change?

it will decrease by 10 degrees celsius

In an air parcel at 2000 m with an initial temperature of 30 degrees celsius and a dew point of 15 degree celsius begins to rise over a mountain, at what altitude will a cloud form?

3500m

While raining, the environmental lapse rate is 12 degrees celsius/ 1000m. The current atmospheric condition is

unstable and an air ascends

To which dew-point temperature has been reached?

the air is simultaneously being cooled by expansion and heated by condensation.

As air temperature gets warmer during the day, what happens to the level at which clouds form (lifting condensation level)?

Gets higher

A thunderstorm is usually linked to which type of cloud?

cumulonimbus

Which is incorrectly matched?

mP-warm, moist, stable conditions

Vertically developed puffy and globular clouds are classed as

Cumuliform

At saturation, the further addition of water vapor or a decrease in temperature results in

Condensation

The process of sublimation would result in

water vapor

The term "orographic" refers to

forced uplift due to the presence of a physical barrier such as a mountain

The subsurface area in soil in which all pore spaces are completely filled with water is known as the

zone of saturation

The removal or diversion of water, followed by the subsequent return of that water to \n the same supply is known as

nonconsumptive use