Histology Final Material

Bone, Muscle, Nerve

What tissue type are ligaments made of?

dense regular connective tissue

What tissue type are tendons made of?

dense regular connective tissue and elastic

What are the weakest parts of the skeleton?

joints

What is the most common type of joint?

synovial joints

What is another name for synovial joints?

diarthroses

What type of joint is this?

synovial

What type of cartilage is found in synovial joints?

hyaline

Define osteopenia

thinning of bones

What structure is shown?

intervertebral disc

Women lose ___% of bone mass per decade and men lose ___%.

8% and 3%

What two hormones help maintain bone mass?

estrogen and androgens

Cancerous tissues release what that stimulates osteoclasts and produces severe osteoporosis?

osteoclast-activating factor

Osteomalacia and Rickets are both caused by what?

lack of calcium and vitamin D

What is the difference between osteomalacia and rickets?

osteomalacia is in adults and rickets is in children

Osteoporosis

blood calcium is low so bone is broken down constantly and susceptible to fracture

Paget’s disease

excessive osteoblast activity next to waning osteoclast activity

What is the pathology?

rickets

Osteoporosis affects __% of women over 45.

29

What is the pathology?

osteoporosis

What are the treatments for osteoporosis?

calcium and vitamin D supplements

What is the cause of Paget’s disease?

unknown cause (possibly viral)

Where is Paget’s disease usually localized?

spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

What is the pathology?

Paget’s disease

What is bursitis?

the protective sac (bursa) between tendons and bones is inflammed

What is tendonitis?

the tendon (muscle to bone attachment) is inflammed

What is the common cause of bursitis?

a direct blow or friction

What is the common cause of tendonitis?

overuse

What should you not treat tendonitis with?

steroids

What is the most common form of arthritis?

osteoarthritis

What % of all Americans develop OA?

85%

What is the cause of osteoarthritis?

wear and tear / overuse

What is an osteophyte?

bone spur

What is the pathology?

osteoarthritis

What is proximal osteoarthritis?

Bouchard’s nodes

What is distal osteoarthritis?

Heberden’s nodes

What type of arthritis is this?

osteoarthritis (node the presence of Bouchard’s nodes and Heberden’s nodes)

What is the pathology?

osteoarthritis

What is the pathology?

osteoarthritis

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

autoimmune disease of unknown cause

What is the pathology of RA?

synovial membrane is attached and is inflamed; thickens into a pannus

The pannus erodes _______.

cartilage

Where is RA found?

metacarpal phalangeal joints

What is the pathology shown?

RA

What is the end result of RA?

ankylosis (fusion of bone within a joint)

What is the pathology shown?

RA

What happens to those with gouty arthritis?

uric acid crystals are deposited in joints

If gouty arthritis is untreated, what happens to bone ends?

fuse and immobilize the joint

What pathology is shown?

gouty tophi

What pathology is shown?

gouty arthritis

What pathology is shown?

gouty arthritis

What pathology is shown?

gouty arthritis

At what week in embryonic development do synovial joints resemble adult joints?

8 weeks

Children under what age cannot take tetracycline?

8

What can tetracycline cause in young children?

grey smile

What drug caused this discoloration?

tetracycline

Osteopetrosis is known as “_____ ______”

stone bone

What causes osteopetrosis?

osteoclasts are nonfunctional but osteoblasts are active

What is the pathology?

osteopetrosis

Osteopetrosis may cause what disorder?

scoliosis

What is the pathology shown?

scoliosis

What is kyphosis?

upper middle back has accentuated curvature

What causes kyphosis in 1st world countries?

wear and tear; often working on computers and hunching

What causes kyphosis in 3rd world countries?

TB

What back mis-alignment is this?

kyphosis

What back mis-alignment is this?

lordosis

What is another name for lordosis?

“sway back”

What causes lordosis?

pregnancy or accumulatation of visceral fat

What test is done to check for torsional scoliosis of the shoulders/thoracic region?

Adam’s test

How is Adam’s test performed?

a patient bends over 90 degrees to check for shoulder misalignment

What is the “Blais test”?

a test for scoliosis; when a patient walks away you check for lumbar scoliosis and when they walk toward you, you check for a thoracic tilt

What 3 conditions are caused my GH problems?

1. acromegaly

2. giantism

3. dwarfism

What is the cause of acromegaly?

pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty

What condition is this?

acromegaly

What is the cause of giantism?

over production of human growth hormone prior to puberty

What muscle is this?

skeletal

What muscle is this?

cardiac

What muscle is this?

smooth

How does skeletal muscle form?

myoblasts fuse together

A muscle cell is also called a _________ _______.

muscle fiber

What is the covering that surrounds a muscle?

epimysium

What is the covering that surrounds fascicles?

perimysium

What is the covering that surrounds individual muscle cells?

endomysium

What is the name of the stem cells that replace skeletal muscle?

satellite cells

Sarcopenia

muscle weakness that occurs with age

What is the light band?

I band

What is the dark band?

A band

What is the unit from I band to I band?

sarcomere

Thin filaments are made of _____.

actin

Thick filaments are made of _____.

myosin

What is titin made of?

elastic fibers

What is found inside of muscle fibers?

myofibrils

The myosin binding site on G actin is covered by ________.

tropomyosin

What moves tropomyosin off of actin’s binding sites?

troponin

What is the first step of muscle contraction?

A thought in the brain results in an impulse traveling down a nerve to a muscle

What is the second step of muscle contraction?

At the neural motor endplate, the impulse causes calcium to enter the nerve

What is the third step of muscle contraction?

calcium results in exocytosis of ACH from the endplate into the synapse

What is the fourth step of muscle contraction?

ACH binds to the Na channels on the sarcolemma of the muscle

What is the fifth step of muscle contraction?

ACH binding to the Na channel receptor opens the channel and allows Na to diffuse into the muscle causing the depolarization of the electrical membrane potential

What is the sixth step of muscle contraction?

the membrane potential results in an action potential that travels along the sarcolemma until it reaches a T-tubule where is proceeds down

What is the seventh step of muscle contraction?

The impulse stimulates electrical gated sensors to open gates in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium onto the sarcomere