intro comp gov vocab

Authoritarianism

________:: A form of government which reduces or eliminates the individual rights, diversity, and powers of the people.

human rights

Laws must be clear and accessible, equally enforced, and not violate ________ in any way.

Capitalism

________:: An economic system where control of the economy is kept in the private sector, with minimal or no state intervention.

Communism

A political theory that advocates for ownership of the means of production by the people- meaning the making and distribution of products according to every persons need.

Totalitarianism

________ aims to control all aspects of life, from art to public ideologies to the economy.

Authority

(n.) single figure or entity with power over a group; power or right to make decisions.

Import Substitution

________:: An economic methodology that aims to reduce a countrys dependence on foreign goods to increase reliance on domestic manufacturers.

Pluralism

________:: used in discussions of politics to refer to a society in which many different groups with many different opinions and viewpoints all have to coexist and work with each other in the political sphere.

Clientelism (patron- client relationship)

_________ A method of political or social organization where the standard ‘ unit of political society falls to the relationship between a client and their patron, where the client offers some service in exchange for benefits- Patronage in Ancient Rome.

Revolution

________ overturns the entire system or government in favor of a new one.

Rentier states

________ tend not to tax their citizens much because so little of their income is domestic, which can weaken political participation.

Fragmentation

________ generally refers to the breaking up of a larger entity or process into smaller parts.

Civil society

________ is thought to be very important in the participatory theory of democracy.

Legitimacy

________:: Public acceptance of an authority, usually a regime or system of government.

Globalization

________:: The process whereby businesses and industries spread across national borders, increasing their international influence.

Structural adjustment

________ aims to eliminate the cycle of dependency that would otherwise result from financially destitute countries asking for loans they can not pay off- it means introducing free- market reform to reduce state debt, e.g.

Corporatism

________:: The organization of society based on corporate groups, who would theoretically control the state /organization within the state and act as representative bodies.

Coalition

________:: an often temporary alliance of political parties or states.

Social cleavages

________ are based on differences in a variety of factors including race, ethnicity, class, and religion- they can become political cleavages if these disagreements become politicized.

Coalition government

________:: Formed when different parties come together to govern.

Parastatals

________:: A parastatal organization is separate from the government, but has political influence /power and serves the government in some way.

Economic Structural Adjustment

________:: Requirements a country must meet to get a loan from the World Bank or IMF.

Democratization

A transition process where a country changes from an autocratic or semi autocratic political system to a more democratic one.

Common law

________:: a system based on local customs and precedent rather than formal legal codes.

Reform

________ is usually made within an existing system.

Statism

________ is the inverse- it is a system that favors heavy state influence in the economic and social sectors.

Transparency

________:: Government transparency is defined by how open, honest, and accountable a government is.

Democratization

________ may result in a transitional or consolidated democracy.

Civil society

________ includes all organizations and groups that operate outside of government influence.

Totalitarianism

________:: the most extreme form of authoritarianism; a political system which completely outlaws any opposition, ruled by one person or select group who has complete authority.

Social cleavages

________:: A cleavage refers to a division between groups of people within one country regarding values, political beliefs, etc.

Corporatism

The organization of society based on corporate groups, who would theoretically control the state/organization within the state and act as representative bodies

Pluralism

used in discussions of politics to refer to a society in which many different groups with many different opinions and viewpoints all have to coexist and work with each other in the political sphere

Authoritarianism

A form of government which reduces or eliminates the individual rights, diversity, and powers of the people

Power is in the hands of a centralized government with little meaningful opposition

should it fail to meet public interests, it will prove difficult or impossible to displace leadership

authority

(n.) single figure or entity with power over a group; power or right to make decisions

Legitimacy

Public acceptance of an authority, usually a regime or system of government

Globalization

The process whereby businesses and industries spread across national borders, increasing their international influence

Supranational Organization

_________:: a multinational entity whose authority extends across several states

Totalitarianism

the most extreme form of authoritarianism; a political system which completely outlaws any opposition, ruled by one person or select group who has complete authority

Transparency

Government transparency is defined by how open, honest, and accountable a government is

Import Substitution

An economic methodology that aims to reduce a countrys dependence on foreign goods to increase reliance on domestic manufacturers

Economic Structural Adjustment

Requirements a country must meet to get a loan from the World Bank or IMF

Structural adjustment aims to eliminate the cycle of dependency that would otherwise result from financially destitute countries asking for loans they cannot pay off

it means introducing free-market reform to reduce state debt, e.g

Capitalism

An economic system where control of the economy is kept in the private sector, with minimal or no state intervention

Command Economy

An umbrella term to describe an economic system heavily controlled by the state, and a major component of communism

Rentier state

A ________ receives most of its income from foreign governments or states

Social cleavages

A cleavage refers to a division between groups of people within one country regarding values, political beliefs, etc

Social cleavages are based on differences in a variety of factors including race, ethnicity, class, and religion

they can become political cleavages if these disagreements become politicized

Civil society

________ includes all organizations and groups that operate outside of government influence

Privatization of enterprises v. State owned enterprises (SOEs)

A _________ is created and operated by the government, and is usually reserved for services considered necessary for the public good, like food inspection or waste management. These enterprises aim to provide essential services, not necessarily to make a profit. _________, meanwhile, are privately owned by corporate entities whose only motivation is to make and maximize profit.

Fragmentation & Globalization

________ generally refers to the breaking up of a larger entity or process into smaller parts. In economics, this could mean having processes in a supply chain take place in different locations, under different manufacturers. In politics, this could mean redistributing power or functions of government. Economically, ______ has made fragmentation possible.

common law

a system based on local customs and precedent rather than formal legal codes

civil law

A comprehensive system of rules and principles usually arranged in codes and easily accessible to citizens and jurists; an adaptable system, with civil codes avoiding excessive detail and containing general clauses that permit adaptation to change

Coalition government

Formed when different parties come together to govern

coalition

an often temporary alliance of political parties or states

Rule of law

_______ states that no one, regardless of their place in social or economic hierarchy, is above the law

Reform & Revolution

_______ means to make changes in something to improve it; in politics, ______ might involve passing new laws and/or regulations. ______ is usually made within an existing system.
_______ overturns the entire system or government in favor of a new one.

Neo-liberalism & Statism

___________ generally defines a political and economic ideology that promotes free-market ideals (e.g. deregulation of the private sector, reduction or elimination of government spending, etc.). ______ is the inverse—it is a system that favors heavy state influence in the economic and social sectors.

Parastatal

A ________ organization is separate from the government, but has political influence/power and serves the government in some way