Chapter 8- Water and Minerals

Minerals

Naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous substances

Minerals are categorized under

micro nutrients

Major minerals are needed in

needed greater than 100 milligrams/day

Trace minerals

needed less than 100 milligrams.day

Shortfall nutrients

•Calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron (important but underconsumed)

_ is the most indispensable nutrient

water

Water is ___ % of an adult’s weight

60%

•Water content of brain and muscle is ___ %

75 to 80%

Water content of bones is ___ %

25%

Why is water indispensable?

•Carries nutrients

•Solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other small molecules

•Active in many chemical reactions

•Cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes

•Acts as a lubricant and shock absorber around joints and organs

•Primary component in amniotic fluid

•Aids in regulating the body’s temperature

Water is a __for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other small molecules

solvent

Water is active in many ___

chemical reaction

Water cleanses ___ of wastes

tissues and blood

Water acts as ___ around joints and organs

acts as a lubricant and shock absorber

Water is a primary component in

amniotic fluid: protects fetus during growth

Water aids in

regulating the body’s temperature

Water Balance/Equillibrium is influenced by

•Dehydration

•Water intoxication

Body water varies

weight/pounds

____ govern water intake

Thirst and satiety

•Hypothalamus signals

the pituitary gland that instructs the kidneys

•Hypothalamus can prevent

the loss of fluids .

Dehydration consequences

• building of body heat

• sweating halts

• body can go in distress

Symptoms of dehydration

• headaches, fatigue, forgetfulness, confusion,

Caffeine is a ___

Diuretic

Diuretic

increases urine excretion

T/F: Water intoxication is unrare

False

Consequences of water intoxication

Diluted blood: impedes blood from functioning, death

What is considered mild dehydration?

(Loss of <5% Body Weight)

What is considered severe dehydration

(Loss of >5% Body Weight)

Effects of mild dehydration

Thirst

Sudden weight loss

Dry, cool skin

Dry mouth, throat, body linings

Rapid pulse; low blood pressure

Lack of energy; weakness

Impaired kidney function

Reduced quantity of urine; concentrated, dark yellow or amber-colored urine

Headache; reduced mental clarity

Diminished muscular work and athletic performance

Fever or increased internal temperature

Fainting and delirium

Effects of Severe Dehydration

Pale or shriveled skin

Bluish lips and fingertips

Confusion; disorientation

Rapid, shallow breathing

Weak, rapid, irregular pulse

Thickening of blood

Scant urine; brown-colored urine

Shock; seizures

Coma; death

Effects of Chronic Low Fluid Intake

Cardiac arrest (heart attack) and other heart problems

Constipation

Dental disease

Gallstones

Glaucoma (elevated pressure in the eye)

Hypertension

Kidney stones

Pregnancy/childbirth problems

Stroke

Urinary tract infections

Water needs vary based on

eating habits, temp of environment, activity levels

DRI for water:

Men: 13 cups/day

Women: 9 cups/day

metabolic water

Water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods

Factors that increase fluid needs

•Alcohol consumption

•Cold weather

•Dietary fiber

•Diseases that disturb water balance, such as diabetes and kidney diseases

•Forced-air environments, such as airplanes and sealed buildings

•Heated environments

•High altitude

•Hot weather, high humidity

•Increased protein, salt, or sugar intakes

•Ketosis

•Medications (diuretics)

•Physical activity

•Pregnancy and breastfeeding (see Chapter 13)

•Prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, or fever

•Surgery, blood loss, or burns

•Very young or old age

Water in Foods and Beverages and Percentages

Percentage	Foods and Beverages
100%	Water, diet soft drinks, seltzer (unflavored), plain tea
95–99%	Sugar-free gelatin dessert, clear broth, Chinese cabbage, celery, cucumber, lettuce, summer squash, black coffee
90–94%	Sports drinks, grapefruit, fresh strawberries, broccoli, tomatoes
80–89%	Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, milk, yogurt, egg white, fruit juices, low-fat cottage cheese, cooked oatmeal, fresh apple, carrot
60–79%	Low-calorie mayonnaise, instant pudding, banana, shrimp, lean steak, pork chop, baked potato, cooked rice

40–59%	Diet margarine, sausage, chicken, macaroni and cheese
20–39%	Bread, cake, cheddar cheese, bagel
10–19%	Butter, margarine, regular mayonnaise
5–9%	Peanut butter, popcorn
1–4%	Ready-to-eat cereals, pretzels
0%	Cooking oils, meat fats, shortening, white sugar

•All beverages meet the body’s fluid needs except

•alcohol

All drinking water originates from

surface water or groundwater

•Types of water

Hard water and soft water

•Hard water contains

calcium and magnesium

•Soft water contains

sodium which may aggravate hypertension

•Bottled water impacts the environment how?

Bottle water generates increased waste which can derive from the same water as tap water

Public water systems points

•Risk of contamination increases

•Purifying equipment can remove many hazards

Water follows __

salt and electrolytes

•Fluid and electrolyte balance

•Rapid fluid shift causes an imbalance

•Acid-base balance

When dissolved in watery body fluids, some of the major minerals give rise to acids (H, or hydrogen, ions) and others to bases (OH ions)

The body’s proteins and some of its mineral salts help prevent changes in the acid-base balance of its fluids by serving as

buffers

buffers

molecules that gather up or release H ions as needed to maintain the correct pH

How Electrolytes Govern Water Flow

1. With equal numbers of dissolved particles on both sides of a water-permeable divider, water levels remain equal.

2. Now additional particles are added to increase the concentration on side B. Particles cannot flow across the divider. In the case of a cell, the divider (cell membrane) partitions fluids inside and outside the cell

3. Water can flow both ways across the divider but tends to move from side A to side B, where the concentration of dissolved particles is greater. The volume of water increases on side B, and the particle concentrations on sides A and B become equal

Major Minerals (also called macrominerals)

•The need for each of these is greater than 100 milligrams per day, in some cases far greater

Types of Major Minerals

•Calcium

•Chloride

•Magnesium

•Phosphorus

•Potassium

•Sodium

•Sulfate

Which mineral is the most abundant in the body?

Calcium

Calcium is stored in

teeth and bones

Bones are

an active living tissue

Blood travel in

in capillaries throughout the bone, bringing nutrients to the cells that maintain the bone’s structure and carrying away waste materials from those cells

Blood in the bones ___ as instructed by hormones.

picks up and deposits minerals

Bone derives its structural strength from

the lacy network of crystals that lie along its lines of stress.

. If minerals are withdrawn to cover deficits elsewhere in the body, the bone will

will grow weak and ultimately will bend or crumble.

Hydroxyapatite

•The chief crystal of bone and teeth, formed from calcium and phosphorus

hydroxyapatite crystals invade

the collagen and gradually lend more and more rigidity to a youngster’s maturing bones until they are able to support the weight they will have to carry.

hydroxyapatite crystals form on a collagen matrix to

create the dentin that gives strength to the teeth

The inner layer of dentin is

bonelike material that forms on a protein (collagen) matrix.

. The outer layer of enamel is harder than

bone

One percent of the body’s calcium is in

in the fluids

•Roles of Calcium

•Regulates the transport of ions

•Helps maintain normal blood pressure

•Plays an essential role in the clotting of blood

•Is essential for muscle contraction

•Activates cellular enzymes

___ is tightly controlled

blood calcium

The crystals of enamel may become even harder when exposed to

to the trace mineral fluoride.

•Organ systems that respond to an increased need

•Intestines, kidneys, and bones

Skeleton serves as a

calcium bank

Intestinal lining can substantially increase its absorption

when the body needs more calcium

•Bone loss

Inevitable consequence of

Aging

Peak bone mass age

12-30

At what age does bone loss occur

35+

Insufficient calcium savings cause

Osteopenia, Osteoporosis

Osteopenia:

A condition of low bone mass that often progresses to osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

Reduction of the bone mass of older people in which the bones become porous and fragile

DRI calcium

D R I: Adults: 1,000 milligrams/day (men and women, 19–50 years; men, 51–70 years)

1,200 milligrams/day (women, 51–70 years; men and women, >70 years)

Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Calcium

Adults: 2,500 milligrams/day (19–50 years) and 2,000 milligrams/day (>50 years)

Chief Functions of Calcium

: Mineralization of bones and teeth; muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting

Deficiency of calcium

Stunted growth and weak bones in children; bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults

Toxicity of calcium

Elevated blood calcium; constipation; interference with absorption of other minerals; increased risk of kidney stone formation

Which mineral is the second most abundant

Phosphorus

•Roles of Phosphorus

•Phosphorous salts are critical buffers

•Essential for growth and renewal of tissues

•Phosphorous compounds carry, store, and release energy during metabolism of energy nutrients

•Phosphorous compounds assist in extracting energy from nutrients

•Phospholipids are the principal components of cell membranes

•Present in some proteins

Are deficiences of phosphorus likely?

No

•Excess phosphorus in the blood are indicators of

heart and kidney diseases

DRI of Phosphorus

D R I: Adults: 700 milligrams/day

UL for phosphorus

Tolerable Upper Intake Level: Adults (19–70 years): 4,000 milligrams/day

Chief Functions of Phosphorus

: Mineralization of bones and teeth; part of phospholipids, important in genetic material, energy metabolism, and buffering systems

Deficiency of Phosphorus

: Muscular weakness, bone pain

Toxicity of phosphorus

Calcification of soft tissues, particularly the kidneys

Magnesium is in

•Over half of it is in the bones

•Roles of Magnesium

•Cofactor for hundreds of enzymes

•Needed for the release and use of energy from the energy-yielding nutrients

•Part of the cellular protein-making machinery

•Critical to nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and heart function

•Works with calcium for proper functioning of the muscles

•Deficiency of Magnesium

•Causes diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, inflammation, and stroke

•Toxicity of Magnesium

•Causes diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, inflammation, and stroke

•Symptoms include diarrhea, acid-base imbalance, and dehydration

Magnesium DRI

D R I: Men (19–30 years): 400 milligrams/day and Women (19–30 years): 310 milligrams/day

Tolerable Upper Intake Level: Adults:

350 milligrams/day

Sodium Roles

•Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance

•Helps maintain acid-base balance

•Deficiency of sodium

•Results in hyponatremia

•The condition of having too little sodium in the blood

•Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020 (Sodium)

▶Consume less than 2,300 milligrams per day of sodium (ages 14 years and older)

▶Further reductions to 1,500 milligrams of sodium may produce greater benefits in people with hypertension or prehypertension