Matter, Chemical Trends, and Chemical Bonding Unit 2 CHEM

What is matter?

Anything that has a mass and takes up space

What are protons

Positively charged particles

Neutrons

Neutral charged particles

Electrons

negatively charged particles

Matter

is anything that takes up space and has a mass

Empirical knowledge

Based on observations and scientific experiments

Theoretical knowledge

based on scientific theories

Atoms

The smallest form of an element

What is the smallest form of an element and why?

Atoms, because they still consist of a whole nucleus with protons, electrons, and neutrons that make up that specific element if they were to be individually broken down it wouldn’t be considered the element anymore

Which group of elements are the most stable

Octet

an element with a full valance shell

Octet rule

elements will always gain or lose electrons to have a fuller outer shell

what is an entity

atom, molecule, or ion

Can Ions be cations or anions

can be both anions and cations or both entities that have gained or lost e to have a stable outer shell

how to calculate protons

atomic number

how to calculate neutrons and electrons

atomic mass - atomic number

how to name cations

element name + ide

how to name anions

element name + ion

what are multivalent ions

ions with multiple charges

How to name multivalent ions

Classical or roman numeral

Polyatomic ions

Group of atoms that act all together as one entity sharing an overall charge

what does Na ion do for your body and what foods contain it

controls body fluids

salt, cheese, preservatives

what does K ion do for your body and what foods contain it

important for body fluid control and cell function

bananas, milk, potatoes

what does Ca ion do for your body and what foods contain it

Component in Teeth and bones

milk, cheese, spinach

what does Fe ion do for your body and what foods contain it

important in muscle functions and essential for hemoglobin

kidney beans, aspargus, pine nuts

what does Mg ion do for your body and what foods contain it

Crucial for muscle functions and nerves

green plants, nut, grains

what does Cl ion do for your body and what foods contain it

controls body fluids

salt

what does I ion do for your body and what foods contain it

helps regulate metabolic rate

fish, diary products, iodized salts

what are Isotopes

elements with different amount of neutrons but the same amount of protons

what are requirements for an isotopes

• diff atomic mass

• same atomic #

• diff neutron #

• similar chemical reactions

• diff physical properties

what is considered an unstable isotope

when protons are greater than the neutrons number

Relative atomic mass

Using C-12 to compare other elements mass to

Why do we use C-12 as a reference weight

because atoms are really small and C-12 it is common and the closet to a normal p and n weight tg

Most Elements contain different isotopes and its rare to find a perfect (monostopic) element true or false?

True

Why do element not have perfect whole atomic masses?

Bec many elements arent just one element they’re often isotopes which cause the masses to not be whole

What is the percentage of an isotope called

Isotopic abundance

Isotopic abundance

How common an isotope shows up in an element

Mass spectrometer

used to figure out how the atomic mass and isotopic abundance

What is the scientific name that occurs when there is to many neutrons

Radioisotopes

Radiation occurs when?

Radioactive isotopes that are considered unstable and cause the nucleus to break apart ejecting high energy particles

Radiation types

• alpha particles

• beta particles

• gamma rays

What occurs when beta particles form

neutrons that become unstable and turn into p or e

What are Alpha particles are made up of

2n and 2p

What occurs when gamma rays particle form

it becomes overexcited after evicting everyone and shoots out extra energy to settle down

What is an element

one kind of atom

what are compounds

when more than one atom combines together

The periodic table is organized by

increasing atomic #

Periodic law

Elements within the same group have similar chemical and physical properties

Groups

Vertical rows (up and down)

Periods

horizontal (left to right)

Metals are generally more reactive from

Top to bottom in a group and left to right in a period

Atomic radius

The space from the nucleus to the outermost shell

What occurs to the atomic radius as u go down a group?

The space increases because you’re adding more shells

What occurs to the atomic radius as u go to the right

the space decrease because the shells are getting smaller

What is Ionic Radius

the size of an ion as it looses or gains electrons

Going down the perodic table cause the ionic radius to

increase bec the shells are getting bigger

What occurs to the ionic radius when you go left to right on the perodic table

decreases because the amount of protons grow and the electrons are attracted to these protons causing them to have a tighter hole on them

Cations ions loose what and what occurs

Electrons causing their remaining electrons to go closer to the neclus bec theyre attracted to it and the electron repulsion has gotten weaker

Anions gain what and what occurs

Electrons causing the elctron repulsion to be great and have a larger shell

Ionization

the energy require to steal or remove an electron

As you go down a group ionization decreases why

as an atom grows the electrons the outtermost shell no longer have a tight hold

Ionization increases across a period bec

theres a greater amount of protons causing the hold on electrons to be tighter

Electron Affinity

The energy change that ocurs when and atoms gains an electron

Why does the electron infinity decrease down a group

because electrons are less likely to want another electron

Why does the electron infinity release more energy across a period

Bec atoms are more willing to steal electrons to fill their shells

Ionic compound

when a non meteal transfers its electrons to a metal

What is the force of an ionic bond called

Electrostatic attraction

How does a crystal lattice form

During an ionic compound cation ions and anions will form together in an alternating pattern making it harder to break them apart

What are the properties of a crystal lattice

• hard

• brittle

• conduct electricity well as a liquid not solid

• high melting point

Why does a crystal lattice able to conduct electricity well as a liquid but not a solid

Bec solid crystal lattices have no space for electricity to form while liquid crystal lattice have more space in-between them to allow electricity to pass

Molecular elements

have two or more of the same element bec they’re more stable together

Molecular/covalent compounds

two or more atoms of different elements

Diatomic molecules

two atoms

Polyatomic molecules

two or more atoms

properties of a covalent compound

• can be any of the three states

• solids are soft or have a waxy surface

• low melting pt

• is considered neutral so it cannot conduct electricity in any state

Naming: ionic compounds

crisscross and reduce if possible, place non metals name first and then metal with ide

Naming: multivalent

use roman numerals

Naming: Polyatomic

crisscross and reduce

Molecular compounds

use prefixes

Naming: Hydrates

add hydrate at the end

Electronegativity

High strong an atom can pull shared electrons to itself

What does higher and smaller bonds = in electronegativity

higher = stronger bond

smaller = lower bond

Non polar covalent bonds…

share electrons equally

Polar covalent bonds

do not share electrons equally