Period 7 APUSH

What were the main reasons some Americans supported imperial expansion?

Foreign markets= economic expansion

Racial theories: social darwinism (people more fit than others), Josiah Strong: spread Christianity and Western civilization

Competition with Europe: Alfred Thayer Mahan thought that powerful states had strong naval presence, gunboat diplomacy

Closing of Western Frontier: new frontier= overseas expansion

Why did other groups like Anti-Imperalist League oppose imperial expansion?

Self-Determenation:

Isolationism:

Racial theories: didn’t like that they wanted to make not white people into America.

Spanish-American War Causes

US interest in Cuba, economic investments and adherence to Monroe Doctrine

Yellow journalism exaggerated Spanish

Americans blamed Spain for explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor

Spanish American War Effects

US gained control over Puerto Rico, through the Platt Amendment, which gave them ability to influence Cuba’s economic/ foreign policy.

US got Guam and fought additional war to gain control of Philippines, becoming more of economic power.

US involvement in Asia

Filipino Nationalist movement

How did mobilization create new opportunities for different groups of Americans?

For Women: filled wartime production jobs, Rosie the Riveter

People of color: Black Americans joined the military, in segregated units.

Mexican Americans: faced discrimination in the Zoot suit riots bc they had suits that ppl in war wore

How did war mobilization help end the Great Depression?

Got aircraft and war supplies that helped create jobs

How did the government initially respond to the Great Depression and what were the effects?

Gov wanted to rely on private charities and organizations, passed Smoot-Hawley Tariff in attempt to protect US industries but it raised prices and led to unemployment and failure of banks.

How did Roosevelt’s New Deal attempt to address the Depression?

Relief: public work programs like Public Works Administration to provide jobs, Social Security Act

Recovery: national industrial recovery act established minimum wages

Reform: fixing banking through Glass-Steagall Act

Effects and responses of New Deal:

Depression didn’t end until WWII. Conservatives accused FDR of being socialist. Huey Long didn’t like it bc he thought it didn’t address depression enough, tried to increase taxation on the wealthy more.

Long term effects of New Deal:

Black Americans and workers supported Democratic Party, many jobs were reformed

How did the US engage in international affairs in the interwar period?

International investment made US financially influential, DAWES PLAN provided loans to Germany so it could pay preparations after WWI, also interventions in Latin America like in Haiti

How did US move to involvement in WWII?

Afraid of facism and totalatarism, providing some aid to Britain and France, Pearl Harbor

How did changes in American culture lead to controversy and debates in society?

Black Americans debated over the best way to address inequality. Booker T Washington believed in self improvement instead of gradual change and accommodation of segregation, was born into slavery, Dubois argued for civil rights, liberal arts education, was born free in North.

What were the effects of nativism in the 1920s?

People were against immigrants coming because they were taking their jobs, ESPECIALLY ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS like Sacco and Vanzetti, where they were killed for their radical views and being Italian and scared of communism.

The growing number of women in the workforce in the second half of the twentieth century most directly contributed to:

INCREASED SOCIAL ANXIETIES ABOUT THE DECLINE OF THE NUCLEAR FAMILY

Why did urbanization increase in 1920s?

Job opportunities expanded for women in clerical jobs, immigrants continued to move to cities for jobs, rural Americans moved to industrial cities

What were the effects of economic expansion?

More technology like radios to broadcast CBS and NBC, more ppl owned cars leading to growth of middle class suburbs, increase in prosperity.

What caused prosperity?

mass production bc of new technologies that increased productivity and consumerism.

How did World War I shape government policies with immigration?

German Americans were viewed as bad, fear of spread of communism which targeted immigrants from Eastern Europe and Russia.

How did federal government expand its power to mobilize resources and support?

Government agencies like the War Industries Board and National War Labor Board organized the economy and society for wartime production.

The government passed the Espionage and Sedition acts, suppressing civil liberties in order to curtail dissent.

How did the U.S. move from neutrality to involvement in WWI?

The U.S. had close economic ties with Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Germany pursued unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking passenger ships like the Lusitania, which had American passengers on board.

Germany sent the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico in an attempt to pressure Mexico into invading the US, promising to help them win back land lost in the Mexican-American War.

How did the US redefine the meaning of the war and shape its outcome both during and after the war?

Wilson claimed the U.S. was fighting the war to secure democracy. Wilson’s Fourteen Points proposed a new global order based on self- determination, disarmament, and open diplomacy through the League of Nations to prevent future wars. The U.S. did not ratify the treaty and therefore did not join the League.

How did the Progressive Movement shape national politics and policies?

Roosevelt adopted Progressive ideas in his Square Deal and enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act against large corporations.

Wilson reduced tariffs via the Underwood Tariff and helped pass the 16th Amendment to establish a direct income tax. He also oversaw the creation of the Federal Reserve (Fed) to regulate the money supply and set interest rates.

18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, and the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote (1919)—both went into effect in 1920.

How did Progressives influence political and government reform?

Secret ballots, direct primaries, and direct election of senators under the 17th Amendment sought to increase democracy and reduce corruption.

What were the major effects of U.S. involvement in WWII?

1. The U.S. felt justified and accomplished in fighting against fascism, especially in the wake of the Holocaust.

2. The U.S. emerged as the most powerful nation in the world, especially since there was not fighting on U.S. soil.

3. The U.S. had significant influence in the postwar peace plans. At Potsdam, they agreed to a partition of Germany but also came into conflict over the competing ambitions of the Soviets. They also helped create the UN to replace the League of Nations.