Final Exam Anatomy and Physiology 2 Snead State

Increased ADH secretion could be stimulated by which of the following situations?

Increased blood osmolality

An increase in parathyroid hormone levels results in

increased rate of bone resorption.

Increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid

increases thirst.

Sodium homeostasis leads to the homeostasis of__

chloride

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes

increased secretion of K+ by the kidney

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion.

Extracellular fluid has a

higher Na+ content than intracellular fluid

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water?

Plasma

Calcium's roles in the body include

All of the choices are correct.

Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by

elevated K+ levels

The predominant intracellular cation is

K+

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes

hypernatremia

Calcium balance is influenced by

parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels.

Under normal conditions, most water loss from the body is through the

kidneys

Calcitonin

reduces extracellular Ca 2+ ion levels

In hypocalcemia,

neuromuscular excitability increases.

Loss of a large volume of sweat will

increase the osmolality of body fluids.

The sensation of thirst results from

stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus.

Hyperkalemia is defined as

increase in plasma K+ level

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is

cellular injury or death

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water?

Intracellular compartment

When aldosterone is absent, Na+ reabsorption in the nephron is

greatly decreased

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called_________ and is important in_________ control.

insensible perspiration; heat loss

Renin is released by the

kidney

The predominant extracellular anion is

Cl-

Which cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?

Plasma membrane

An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a/an_________ in the secretion of ADH and a/an_________ in thirst.

increase; increase

Decreased extracellular K+ levels cause

hyperpolarization of plasma membranes

Which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation?

Mouth mucosa

The primary regulator of plasma Na⁺ concentration is

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating

thirst.

Which characteristic of the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Being selectively permeable

Parathyroid hormone affects the

intestine, kidneys, and bone

Stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone is a decrease in serum_________ levels.

Ca2+

Receptors sensitive to changes in the osmolality of extracellular fluid are the

osmoreceptors

Where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found?

Interstitial fluid

The major route of excretion for Na⁺ (under normal conditions) is the

kidney

Water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of

osmosis

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Most of the Ca2+ in the body is in the

bones

Edema results when the amount of_________ fluid increases.

interstitial

Sensible perspiration

is secreted by the sweat glands.

A primary oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells is most appropriately called a

primordial follicle

The ductus deferens

passes through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity.

Once GnRH is released from the hypothalamus and enters the hypothalamohypophysial portal system,

FSH and LH secretion will occur.

Male infants can be born with an undescended testis. This means that the testis

remains in the abdominopelvic cavity.

The longest portion of the male urethra is the_________ urethra.

spongy

The secretions produced by the prostate gland

constitute about 30% of the senen.

Erection of the penis occurs when

penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood.

The duct from the seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens to form the

ejaculatory duct

Which of the following follicular stages is the last to appear?

Corpus albicans

Which of the following substances are found in the secretions of the prostate gland?

Fibrinolysin and clotting factors

Which of the following is produced in the ovary and then leaves the ovary?

Secondary oocyte

Which of the following hormones is produced by the testis?

Testosterone

In a mature follicle, the oocyte lies in a mass of follicular cells called the

cumulus mass

The opening in the abdominal wall through which the testes descend is the

inguinal canal

Most of the seminal fluid is produced

 

by the seminal vesicles.

As a secondary follicle enlarges,

a theca or capsule is formed around it.

A primary follicle contains

several layers of granulosa cells.

The average menstrual cycle is about_________ days long; ovulation occurs on about day_________.

28; 14

The thick white capsule that covers each testes is called the

tunica albuginea

Which structure contains enzymes needed by a sperm cell to penetrate an oocyte?

Acrosome

The blood-testis barrier

isolates sperm cells from the immune system

Which function of the reproductive system is solely a function of the female reproductive system?

Development and nourishment of a new individual

The male urethra

extends through the length of the penis.

Which portion of the sperm cell is most involved with penetration of the oocyte?

Acrosome

Discharge of semen into the prostatic urethra is called

emission

The corpus luteum is a gland that

Both "forms from a mature follicle after ovulation" and "secretes mainly progesterone" are correct.

Of the two million primary oocytes in the ovaries at birth, only about_________ are ovulated.

400

Which of the following effects on the body CANNOT be attributed to testosterone?

Increased calcium excretion

In males, both urine and male reproductive fluids travel through the

urethra

Contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles

pull the testes closer to the body.

Smooth muscle contractions help to propel sperm cells in the

ductus deferens

Fertilization occurs when the

nuclei of the secondary oocyte and the sperm cell unite

The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division when

it is penetrated by a sperm cell.

The spongy urethra is surrounded by the

corpus spongiosum

The penis consists of_________ columns of erectile tissue.

three

The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is called

ovulation

Semen is

sperm cells plus the secretions of accessory glands.

What are the female gametes?

Oocytes

Which of the following structures would be found in the spermatic cord?

Ductus deferens