PRELIM | sts (67)

Science, technology, and society (STS)

is an interdisciplinary field that studies how scientific and technological advances affect society and how social factors influence these developments. It looks at the interaction between science, technology, and human life.

In simpler terms, it focuses on the connection between new inventions and discoveries and the way they change or are shaped by society.

Science

is the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation.

Technology

is the application of scientific knowledge to create tools and processes that improve life.

Science and technology

influence each other: discoveries drive new technologies, and technology enables further exploration.

Microscopes and Telescopes

Instruments like __ & __enhance our understanding of the universe and life.

Society's

It needs, values, and economy drive scientific research and technological innovation.

Ethical concerns and public policy

guide how research is done and how technologies are used.

Government

significantly funds research through grants, subsidies, and policies.

Advocacy groups

raise awareness on issues like data privacy, climate change, and genetics.

Economic factors and market demand

influence technological progress.

Cultural views

affect how people accept new technologies like Artificial Intelligence and genetic engineering.

Technology and digital literacy

Access to __ & __ impact how communities benefit from advancements.

Collaboration

between schools, industries, and governments encourages innovation.

International cooperation

is key in tackling global challenges like pandemics and climate change.

The Wheel

c. 4000 BCE, Mesopotamia

• Revolutionized transportation and trade, facilitating easier movement of goods and people

Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics

C - (c. 3100 BCE, Mesopotamia)

H - (c. 3100 BCE, Egypt)

• Enabled record-keeping and knowledge transfer, paving the way for written communication in ancient civilizations

Roman Aqueducts

27 BCE-476 CE, Roman Empire

• Engineered to carry water to cities, baths, and fountains, improving public health and advancing urban infrastructure

Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra

c. 8th-14th century CE, Islamic World

• Helped establish the foundation for modern algebra, greatly influencing the field of mathematics

The Mechanical Clocks

c. 13th century CE, Europe

• Installed in church towers, were among the earliest timekeeping devices

Johannes Gutenberg's Printing Press

c. 1440 CE, Germany

• Revolutionized communication and literacy by enabling mass production of written material.

Scientific Method - Francis Bacon

1561-1626 CE

• Introduced a systematic approach focused on observation, and experimentation to advance scientific discovery

Telescope - Galileo Galilei

1564-1642 CE

• Transformed astronomy with groundbreaking discoveries such as the moons of Jupiter, challenging previous models of the universe

Laws of Motion - Isaac Newton

1643-1727 CE

• Laid the foundation for classical physics, influencing the understanding of forces and motion

Steam Engine - James Watt

c. 1765 CE

• Transformed industries by driving mechanized production and boosting productivity

Incandescent Light Bulb - Thomas Edison

1879 CE

• Introduced a more reliable, longer-lasting alternative to candles and gas lamps, revolutionizing lighting

Assembly Line - Ransom Olds and Henry Ford

c. 1901-1913 CE

• Streamlined manufacturing processes, reducing costs and making products like cars more affordable

Airplane (The Wright Flyer)

1903 CE, Wright Brothers

• Pioneered powered flight, transforming transportation and global connectivity

Penicillin - Alexander Fleming

1928 CE

• Revolutionized medicine by providing the first effective antibiotic, saving millions from bacterial infections

DNA Structure - James Watson and Francis Crick

1953 CE

• Discovered the double-helix structure of ___ , laying the foundation for advances in genetics and heredity

Smartphones

2000s-Present

• Combines many functions in one portable device that has reshaped communication, entertainment, and daily life

Blockchain Technology

2000s-Present

• Introduced decentralized systems for secure digital transactions, enabling cryptocurrencies

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene-Editing

2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier

• Enables precise genetic modifications in medicine and agriculture

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS AND EARLY TECHNOLOGY

• The Wheel

• Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics

• Roman Aqueducts

MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS (500-1500 CE)

• Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra

• The Mechanical Clocks

• Johannes Gutenberg's Printing Press

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (16TH-18TH CENTURY)

• Scientific Method

• Telescope

• Laws of Motion

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (19TH CENTURY)

• Steam Engine

• Incandescent Light Bulb

• Assembly Line

20TH-CENTURY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

• Airplane (The Wright Flyer)

• Penicillin

• DNA Structure

21ST-CENTURY INNOVATIONS

• Smartphones

• Blockchain Technology

• CRISPR-Cas9 Gene-Editing

Banaue Rice Terraces

by the Ifugao was an engineering marvel for sustainable farming and irrigation in mountainous regions.

Traditional Medicine

The use of herbal remedies such as lagundi, sambong, and tawa-tawa, passed down orally through folk healers, were used for treating common ailments.

Balangay

The development of this is advanced wooden vessels for trade and transport. It demonstrated indigenous shipbuilding techniques.

Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1565)

• Banaue Rice Terraces

• Traditional Medicine

• Balangay

Weapons and Tools

The forging like the bolo and kampilan showcased Indigenous metalworking techniques used for farming and defense.

Mapping and Cartography

The Spanish introduced this systematic of the Philippine archipelago. It created more accurate geographic knowledge. This facilitated better navigation, trade, and the establishment of towns and infrastructure.

Maps like the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas were crucial in understanding the country's topography.

Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)

• Weapons and Tools

• Mapping and Cartography

Food Preservation

The enhancement of traditional, including drying (tuyo), salting (daing), and fermentation (bagoong), occurred over centuries. The American colonial period played a significant role in the introduction of refrigeration and canning methods in the Philippines, which supplemented these established practices.

Aquaculture

Indigenous Filipino communities continued to use traditional fishing methods such as fish traps, spearfishing, and netting to catch fish.

It practices, including the cultivation of bangus (milkfish) and tilapia, were developed in various regions, notably in Taal and other coastal areas. These practices were adapted to maintain sustainable fishing practices, using local ecological knowledge to manage fish populations and habitats.

American Colonial Period (1898-1946)

• Food Preservation

• Aquaculture

Establishment of Scientific Institutions

In the 1940s-1950s, several scientific institutions were established in the Philippines, such as (PAEC) in 1958, (PNRI) in 1987, (PHIVOLCS) in 1952, (NAST) in 1976.

Philippine Atomic Energy Commission

PAEC in 1958

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

PNRI in 1987

- renamed that promotes nuclear energy

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

PHIVOLCS in 1952

- monitors natural hazards

National Academy of Science and Technology

NAST in 1976

- recognizes and supports scientific achievements.

Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt)

In 2014, Engr. Aisa Mijeno, a Filipino inventor, developed the this lamp.

This eco-friendly lamp utilizes saltwater as a power source to generate electricity and makes it an affordable and renewable alternative to traditional lighting, particularly for remote areas with limited access to electricity.

Post-Independence Period (1946-Present)

• Establishment of Scientific Institutions

• Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt)

Maria Orosa

(1893 - 1945)

was a pioneering Filipino food technologist and chemist known for her contributions to food preservation and the development of new food products. One of her famous inventions was banana ketchup, which was created during World War II when tomatoes were scarce.

Abelardo Aguilar

(1917 - 1993)

was a Filipino scientist and medical researcher best known for his significant contributions to the development of the antibiotic erythromycin, which was derived from the bacterium Streptomyces erythraeus.

This antibiotic was developed as an alternative to penicillin, particularly for patients with a penicillin allergy.

Gregorio Zara

(1902 - 1978)

was a Filipino engineer, physicist, National Scientist, and inventor. He made significant contributions to the fields of aeronautics, telecommunications, and electrical engineering.

He was known as the "Father of Videoconferencing" for inventing the first two-way video telephone (videophone) in 1955.

Lourdes Cruz

(1942)

is a Filipino biochemist recognized for her research on the toxic properties of Conus marine snails (Conotoxins). Her findings have implications for drug development for pain management, neuron calcium channel testing, and epilepsy research. Her contribution highlights the impact of Filipino scientists on global science.

Raul Destura

(1969)

is a prominent Filipino molecular biologist and microbiologist. Dr. and his team, in collaboration with the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD), developed the "Biotek-M Dengue Detection Kit", a rapid diagnostic test for detecting dengue virus infection.

Ethics in science and technology

are essential to ensure that advancements benefit society while reducing harm. By following ethical guidelines, researchers and innovators can make ethical decisions that respect human rights, protect the environment, and promote fairness.

Honesty and Integrity in Research

Ensure accurate data collection, transparency, and proper acknowledgment of sources. Avoid falsifying or manipulating results.

Respect for People

Obtain informed consent from participants, especially in research involving humans. Ensure privacy and protect personal information.

Social Responsibility

Develop technologies that improve lives, address societal needs, and avoid harming vulnerable groups or the environment.

Sustainability and Environmental Care

Consider the long-term impact of innovations on the environment. Develop sustainable technologies that minimize harm and promote conservation.

Accountability and Fair Access

Take responsibility for any negative consequences of research or technology. Ensure equitable access to advancements and reduce social inequalities.

Ethical Principles in Science and Technology

1. Honesty and Integrity in Research

2. Respect for People

3. Social Responsibility

4. Sustainability and Environmental Care

5. Accountability and Fair Access