7. Structural Organisation in Animals

Only 5 flashcards in this deck are not about Frog. The entire deck is just Frog. NCERT removed everything from this chapter and now all it has is Frog. This is a flashcards deck about Frog. Good luck with Frog. Okay but in all seriousness, this deck contains all the NCERT sentences in this chapter, so it's suitable for revision for IAT, NEET, NEST, probably more. Question mode: Flashcards only. Answer mode: Answer with definition. Good luck with exams!

Is Hydra a unicellular or multicellular organism?

multicellular

What are the four types of tissues present in all complex animals?

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Neural

What is an example of an organ in humans that consists of all four types of tissues present in complex animals?

heart

What is the difference between morphology and anatomy of animals?

In case of animals, “morphology” refers to the external appearance of the organs or parts of the body. The word “anatomy” conventionally is used for the study of morphology of internal organs in the animals.

What is the most common species of frog found in India?

Rana tigrina

What is the class that frogs belong to?

Amphibia

What is the phylum that frogs belong to?

Chordata

What is the habitat of frogs?

They can live both on land and in fresh-water

Are frogs poikilotherms or homoiotherms?

poikilotherms

What does poikilothermous mean?

They do not have constant body temperature i.e., their body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment.

What is the ability of frogs changing colour called?

mimicry (camouflage) 😛

How do frogs camouflage themselves?

You might have also noticed changes in the colour of the frogs while they are in grasses and on dry land.

You might have also noticed changes in the colour of the frogs while they are in grasses and on dry land. Why do they do this?

To protect themselves from predators, as camouflage

What is mimicry (in frogs)?

They have the ability to change the colour to hide them from their enemies (camouflage). This protective coloration is called mimicry.

What is aestivation (in frogs)?

Summer sleep — frogs taking shelter in deep burrows to protect themselves from extreme heat

What is hibernation (in frogs)?

Winter sleep — frogs taking shelter in deep burrows to protect themselves from extreme cold

What is summer sleep in frogs called?

Aestivation

What is winter sleep in frogs called?

Hibernation

Comment on the texture of frog skins.

The skin is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus. The skin is always maintained in a moist condition.

Comment on the colour of frog skins.

The colour of dorsal side of body is generally olive green with dark irregular spots. On the ventral side the skin is uniformly pale yellow.

What can frogs do with their skin that humans cannot do with their skin?

The frog never drinks water but absorbs it through the skin.

What are the segments of the body of a frog?

1. head

2. trunk

Necks are _________ in frogs.

(present / absent)

absent

Tails are _________ in frogs.

(present / absent)

absent

Where can nostrils be found on frogs?

above the mouth

Comment on the shape of frogs’ eyes.

BULGED

Comment on the covering of frogs’ eyes.

Their eyes are covered by a nictitating membrane that moisturises their eyes and protects them while in water.

They have regular eyelids too but can’t close them. Only the nictating membrane can close over their entire eyes.

What external organs do frogs use for hearing?

external tympanum

Where is the tympanum present in frogs?

On either side of eyes

How many limbs do frogs have?

4

How many digits do hind legs in frogs have?

5

How many digits do forelimbs in frogs have?

4

Why are feet in frogs webbed?

to help in swimming

Why are hind limbs larger and more muscular than forelimbs in frogs?

Because they leap and swim and the hind limbs are used more in these activities

Do frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism?

yes

What are the two morphological differences between male and female frogs?

1. presence of sound-producing vocal sacs (frogs that croak a lot are male, females don’t usually make sounds)

2. copulatory pads on the first digit of forelimbs to hold the female in place when humping i mean mating

Why is the digestive system of frogs quite short?

The alimentary canal is short because frogs are carnivores and hence the length of intestine is reduced.

What are the two things that frogs’ digestive systems consist of?

1. alimentary canal

2. digestive glands

Arrange in order from the start of the alimentary canal in frogs:

pharynx, buccal cavity, mouth, oesophagus

mouth → buccal cavity → pharynx → oesophagus

What is an oesophagus?

Oesophagus is a short tube that opens into the stomach that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

Arrange in order from the start of the alimentary canal in frogs:

rectum, intestine, cloaca, stomach, oesophagus

oesophagus → stomach → intestine → rectum → cloaca

Liver secretes bile that is stored where?

in gall bladder

What does pancreatic juice contain?

Digestive enzymes

What produces pancreatic juice?

Pancreas

How do frogs capture food?

Using their bilobed tongue.

Digestion of food in frogs takes place by the action of _____ and gastric juices secreted from the walls of the stomach.

(which chemical?)

HCl

In frogs, partially digested food called ________ is passed from stomach to the first part of the small intestine.

In frogs, partially digested food called chyme is passed from stomach to the first part of the small intestine.

What is the duodenum in frogs?

The first part of their small intestine

How do bile and pancreatic juices enter a frog’s alimentary canal?

From the gall bladder/liver and the pancreas, through a bile duct, into the duodenum

What does bile do, as part of a frog’s digestive system?

Bile emulsifies fat

What do pancreatic juices do, as part of a frog’s digestive system?

They digest carbohydrates and proteins.

Where does “final digestion” take place in frogs?

In the small intestine.

Final digestion in frogs takes place in the intestine. Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called _____ and __________.

Final digestion in frogs takes place in the intestine. Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called villi and microvilli.

What are villi and microvilli?

Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called villi and microvilli.

Final digestion in frogs takes place in the intestine. Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called villi and microvilli. What happens to the undigested food?

The undigested solid waste moves into the rectum and passes out through cloaca.

What three things pass out from a flog’s cloaca?

1. undigested waste

2. urine

3. gametes

Frogs respire on land and in the water by two different methods.

How do they respire in water?

In water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration). Dissolved oxygen in the water is exchanged through the skin by diffusion.

Frogs respire on land and in the water by two different methods.

How do they respire on land?

On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act as the respiratory organs.

What is respiration through lungs called?

pulmonary respiration

What is respiration through skin called?

cutaneous respiration

What are lungs in frogs?

The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac-like structures present in the upper part of the trunk region (thorax), used for pulmonary respiration.

On land, which three organs act as respiratory organs in frogs?

1. buccal cavity

2. skin

3. lungs

How does air reach lungs in frogs?

Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to lungs.

How do frogs respire during aestivation or hibernation?

Cutaneous respiration. During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place through skin.

The vascular system of frog is ______ type.

(open / closed)

The vascular system of frog is closed type.

What are the three parts that constitute a frog’s blood vascular system?

1. heart

2. blood vessels

3. blood

How many chambers does a frog heart have?

3

What are the chambers of a frog heart?

2 atria, 1 ventricle

The heart in frogs is covered in a membrane called?

pericardium

What is a pericardium?

The membrane covering a heart.

What are the two accessory chambers of a frog’s heart/

1. sinus venosus

2. conus arteriosus

What is the sinus venosus in frogs? What is its function?

a triangular structure that joins with the right atrium of the heart, which received blood through the vena cava and sends it into the atrium.

Sinus Venosus receives blood from _________________________ to pass it into the right atrium.

Sinus Venosus receives blood from major veins called vena cava to pass it into the right atrium.

The ventricle in a frog heart opens into a sac-like ___________________ on the ventral side of the heart.

The ventricle in a frog heart opens into a sac-like conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.

The sinus venosus in frogs is present on the _________ side.

(dorsal / ventral)

dorsal

The conus arteriosus in frogs is present on the ________ side.

(dorsal / ventral)

ventral

The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the __________ (________ system).

The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the arteries (arterial system).

What is the venous system in frogs?

The veins collect blood from different parts of body to the heart and form the venous system.

What is the arterial system in frogs?

The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the arteries (arterial system).

Special venous connection between _______ and _________ as well as the kidney and lower parts of the body are present in frogs.

Special venous connection between liver and intestine as well as the kidney and lower parts of the body are present in frogs.

Special venous connection between liver and intestine as well as the _______ and ____________________ are present in frogs.

Special venous connection between liver and intestine as well as the kidney and lower parts of the body are present in frogs.

What are the two special venous connections present in frogs?

1. between liver and intestine

2. between kidney and lower body parts

What is the special venous connection in frogs between the liver and intestine called?

hepatic portal system.

What is the special venous connection in frogs between the kidney and the lower body parts called?

renal portal system.

What are the three types of blood cells found in frogs?

1. RBCs

2. WBCs

3. Platelets

RBC’s are _____________ and contain red coloured pigment namely haemoglobin.

(nucleated. unnucleated)

nucleated