DH202 (Community Health Book) Health Ed Final Exam Part 2 (Ch: 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22)

What group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of research study?

Institutional review board

What act adds to the confidentiality of patient records?

HIPPA

Bioethics, an important aspect of conducting research, refers to the inherent role of ethics in health care and the established norms that distinguish between morally acceptable and unacceptable research practices.

Both statements are true

When research involves human subjects, an informed consent must be obtained because subjects should always understand the research in which they are participating

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related

The Nuremberg Code was a result of

War crimes trials

When a covered entity conducts clinical research involving protected health information (PHI), dental hygienists-investigators must understand the HIPAA privacy rules' restrictions on the use and disclosure of patients' PHI, such as information from a patient's medical chart or test results, as well as an individual's billing information for medical services rendered, when that information is held or transmitted by an entity. PHI also includes identifiable health information about subjects of clinical research gathered by a researcher who is a health care provider.

Both statements are true

The Belmont Report describes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Identified principles include which of the following?

Respect for persons

Research misconduct may include

A.) Plagiarism

B.) Copyright or patent infringement

C.) Falsifying or fabricating data

D.) All of the above

All of the above

An institutional review board should include which roles?

A.) Ensures that the rights and safety of the research subjects are respected and protected

B.) Protects the institution and the researchers agains lawsuits

C.) Holds the researchers accountable to the public

D.) All of the above

All of the above

The Tuskegee Syphilis study was conducted by which institution?

US PHS

The most compelling ethical dilemma with the Tuskegee Study was which of the following?

Did not offer Curative Treatment that was available

Ethical behavior in research may be described as what is

A.) Right

B.) Legal

C.) Fair

D. Both A and B

E.) All of the above

All of the above

Making good ethical decisions in research can help an institution, researchers, and society as a whole. On the other hand, poor ethical choices tend to accumulate or snowball and can sometimes become unethical habits, which can affect all of us.

Both statements are true

War crimes committed during World War II involved infecting prisoners with HIV. This was done primarily to conduct research on the AIDS virus.

Both statements are false

T/F

Government entities such as the state department review research conducted in the private sector

False

T/F

Informed consent, another ethical consideration, requires educating a subject in research study about the study's purpose, duration, experimental procedures, alternatives, risks, and benefits

True

T/F

Institutions that conduct medical research usually have an entity known as the HIPPA

False

T/F

Ethics, in a "nutshell," is about doing the right thing

True

T/F

As a result of the Belmont Report, medical research became a slow, laborious process with many checks and balances to protect human subjects.

False

Involves dental hygiene researcher doing what he or she thinks is best for the patient according to his or her ability and judgment

Paternalism

Health care provider's first obligation to the patient is to do no harm

Nonmaleficence

Requiries that existing harm be removed

Benefience

Ability to govern one's profession and to basically be self-determined and directed as a profession

Autonomy

Providing patients, test subjects, or populations with what is owed, due or deserved

Justice

Can be defined simply as being honest

Veracity

Which type of research approach would involve a study of the development of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists' Association?

Historical

Which study approximates the true experimental approach but lacks the control of true experimentation?

Quasi-experimental

Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables?

Experimental

Which type of research, for example, considers the effect of intraoral sodium bicarbonate rinses on the periodontal ligament of laboratory rats?

Experimental

Which type of study investigates existing differences to determine possible causes?

Ex post facto

Which approach measures the relationship between variables

Correlational

Which type of approach describes and interprets current events or situations?

Descriptive

Which approach studies the meaning of past events?

Historical

Which type of study is an in-depth report on a single person, group, event, or situation?

Case study

An investigation that studies the frequency of flossing and periodontal disease is called a

Correlational study

A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a

Survey

A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed

Double-blind

The attempt to identify and describe the topic being researched is

Descriptive

A small version of a proposed study is called a

Pilot study

Which type of research studies the same population over an extended period of time?

Longitudinal Study

T/F

In a post test-only design, the independent variable is introducing and then the dependent variable is measured

True

T/F

Posttest sensitization is the effect of the pretest on the outcome of the study

False

T/F

Stratifying a sample would define information such as age, gender, sex, income level, or of time

True

T/F

A time series design measures the dependent variable and is done several times over a period of time

True

T/F

A factorial design is sued to study tow or more independent variables

True

Designed to determine the meaning of past events

Historical approach

One population group with common characteristics

Cohort

A survey fits into this approach

Descriptive approach

A report about a small group of people

Case report

A specific incidence of disease in one person

Case study

The number of all existing cases of a disease in a population measured at a given point is called

Prevalence

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a given period of time

Incidence

In the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), how many adults were found to have gingivitis?

50%

Overall the prevalence of both partial and total tooth loss in adults has

Decreased

Periodontal disease is caused by convergence of bacteria and an aggressive

immune response

T/F

The host response is important in severe periodontitis

True

T/F

Significant health disparities exist in different ethnic groups

True

T/F

Dental caries is the most common of all diseases

True

T/F

Bacterial plaque convert all foods, especially sugar into acid

True

T/F

Root caries are most common in teenagers.

False

Best area for dental sealant placement

Posterior teeth

Approximately 75% of this disease is attributed to smoking or smokeless tobacco

Oral Cancer

Often referred to as a cold sore

Herpes simplex virus

Often referred to as a canker sore

Recurrent apthous ulcer

A type of congenital deformity caused by abnormal facial development during gestation

Cleft lip/palate

Certain local and systemic factors may favor this overgrowth condition

Candidiasis

Where the majority of tooth trauma occurs

Anterior teeth

Causes toothache pain

Dental caries

Associates with oral diseases

Systemic diseases

Prevent dental caries on pit and fissure surfaces

Dental Sealants

Prevents dental caries systemically and topically

Community water fluoridation

Occurs in over 50% of adults

Gingivitis

Study of disease in a population

Epidemiology

Affected by root caries

Adults

Most prevalent disease in children and adults

Dental caries

Currently dental products are under the regulation of which government department?

FDA

The ADA seal of acceptance program is regulated by the

ADA

Which of the following sources can be used to locate information concerning various health products through their FDA

Bulletin

Which of the following parts of a research report should contain a condensed version of the purpose, methods, results and conclusion

Abstract

Which of the following parts of a research report should include a summary of all relevant data, including statistics and data characteristics?

Results

Which of the following parts of a research report should include a variety of current and relevant studies?

Literature review

Which of the following parts of a research should include a detailed description of the research instruments, equipment, procedures, and method of data analysis?

Methods and materials

Which of the following parts of a research report should evaluate and interpret findings?

Discussion

A peer-reviewed article indicates that the article has been reviewed by

Editorial reviewers who are dental providers/researchers

PubMed is a reliable source to find research reports and is from the

National Library of Medicine

In the scientific community it is considered the cutoff point for statistical significance if a p value or equal or less than this

0.5

An example of a peer-reviewed journal is the

A.) Journal of Practical Hygiene

B.) Journal of Dental Hygiene

C.) International journal of Dental Hygiene

D.) Both A and B

E.) All of the above

All of the above

A referred journal is something called (a)

Peer-reeviewed

T/F

Studies need to have enough subjects to be valid

True

T/F

A study should be randomized if at all possible

True

T/F

A dental hygienist should recommend products based upon the ADA seal

False

T/F

A dental hygienist who educates patients on dental care products is acting as a consumer advocate

False

A condensed version of a study

Abstract

Should include a clear, concise purpose statement

Introduction

Detailed outline or previous findings

Literature Review

Method and material section

Methodology

Findings of a study

Results and discussion

Dental hygienists are eligible to practice in dental public health in varying capacities with a(n)

A.) Certificate

B.) Bachelor's degree

C.) Associates degree

D.) Doctoral degree

E.) All of the above

All of the above

Dental hygienists may be commissioned into the U.S. Public Health Service with which qualifications?

Bachelor's degree

Providing health care and related services to medically underserved populations is a mission of which agency(ies)

PHS