The Vascular System Part 1 - B

Arteriosclerosis is best described as which of the following?

Thickening and stiffening of arteries that restricts blood flow to organs and tissues

3 multiple choice options

Atherosclerosis is best described as which of the following?

A specific form of arteriosclerosis involving plaque buildup in arterial walls

3 multiple choice options

Coronary artery disease is associated with which of the following symptoms?

Chest pain (angina) involving the heart

3 multiple choice options

Carotid artery disease is most commonly associated with which symptoms?

Aphasia, blurred vision, and paralysis

3 multiple choice options

Peripheral arterial disease is most commonly associated with which symptom?

Claudication in the extremities

3 multiple choice options

Chronic kidney disease related vascular changes are most commonly associated with which condition?

Hypertension

3 multiple choice options

An aneurysm is best described as which of the following?

Abnormal vessel dilation, usually arterial, often asymptomatic or painful

3 multiple choice options

Which type of pathology is associated with the following risk factors: hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, family history, and sedentary lifestyle?

Atherosclerosis

3 multiple choice options

Which type of pathology is associated with the following causes: hypertension, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, tobacco use, insulin resistance/obesity/diabetes, and inflammation (e.g., arthritis, lupus)?

Atherosclerosis

3 multiple choice options

Which type of pathology is defined as a permanent dilation of the abdominal aorta greater than 3 cm or 1.5 times the size of the proximal aorta?

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following are types of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Fusiform, saccular, bulbous, dumbbell (hourglass)

3 multiple choice options

The U.S. preventive services task force (AAA screening) recommends a one-time abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening for men who have ever smoked, at what age range?

Men ages 65-75

3 multiple choice options

The U.S. preventive services task force (AAA screening) suggests that men with a family history of abdominal aortic aneurysm should consider screening starting at what age range?

Age 60 and older

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with plaque buildup and vessel wall damage over time?

Atherosclerosis

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with a direct physical injury to the vessel?

Trauma

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with being born with a vessel abnormality?

Congenital defects

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with infection involving the aorta (luetic involvement of ascending aorta and arch)?

Syphilis

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with fungal infection of the vessel wall?

Mycosis

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with inflammation of the vessel wall layers?

Inflammation of media and adventitia

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with high blood pressure or aortic valve stenosis?

Increased pressure

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with severe aortic regurgitation causing abnormal blood volume load?

Abnormal blood volume load

3 multiple choice options

Which type of cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with Marfan syndrome?

Cystic medial necrosis

3 multiple choice options

Which type of aneurysm involves all three layers of the vessel wall?

True aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

Where are approximately 85% of abdominal aortic aneurysms located?

Infrarenal

3 multiple choice options

What finding may be present in larger abdominal aortic aneurysms?

Mural thrombus

3 multiple choice options

What is the most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Atherosclerosis

3 multiple choice options

A mycotic aneurysm occurs due to what cause?

Infection

3 multiple choice options

Surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is commonly considered when the aneurysm exceeds what size?

5 cm

3 multiple choice options

Which measurements are required when evaluating an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

AP and transverse measurements

3 multiple choice options

When evaluating an abdominal aortic aneurysm, distance from which vessels is important to document?

Renal arteries

3 multiple choice options

Which sign or symptom of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is described as a pulsating abdominal finding on physical examination?

Palpable abdominal mass

3 multiple choice options

Which sign or symptom of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is described as an abnormal vascular sound heard over the abdomen?

Abdominal bruit

3 multiple choice options

Which symptom of an abdominal aortic aneurysm commonly occurs due to pressure on surrounding structures?

Back pain

3 multiple choice options

A sudden drop in hematocrit in a patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm may indicate what complication?

Rupture

3 multiple choice options

How may some abdominal aortic aneurysms present clinically?

Asymptomatic

3 multiple choice options

Grey Turner sign associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm indicates what finding?

Extensive retroperitoneal bleeding

3 multiple choice options

What type of aneurysm involves all three layers of the vessel wall, forms when the tensile strength of the wall decreases? HINT: fusiform is the most common shape of this and also most abdominal AAA's are this type

True aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

What type of aneurysm appears as a pulsatile mass, blood escapes through a hole in the intima but is contained by deeper layers, color doppler shows communication between the artery and vein, and is described as a pulsatile hematoma?

False aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

Which imaging planes are required when measuring an abdominal aortic aneurysm during sonographic evaluation?

Sagittal (AP) and transverse

3 multiple choice options

During sonographic evaluation of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, what intraluminal finding should be assessed?

Mural thrombus

3 multiple choice options

During sonographic evaluation of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which vessel wall characteristics should be documented?

Wall thickening, fibrosis, and calcification

3 multiple choice options

Which additional vessels require AP measurements during abdominal aortic aneurysm evaluation?

Iliac arteries

3 multiple choice options

What complication should be evaluated during sonographic assessment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Dissection

3 multiple choice options

If rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is suspected, which area should be scanned for hematoma?

Posterior to the kidneys

3 multiple choice options

An abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring greater than what size must be reported before the patient is released?

5 cm

3 multiple choice options

Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms are at highest risk for rupture when the aneurysm measures approximately:

6-7 cm

3 multiple choice options

An abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring less than what diameter is typically imaged every 6 months to 2 years if the patient remains asymptomatic?

<4 cm

3 multiple choice options

Surgical intervention may be suggested for abdominal aortic aneurysms within which size range if the patient is in good health?

4-5 cm

3 multiple choice options

Abdominal aortic aneurysms measuring what size are commonly imaged yearly?

4-4.4 cm

3 multiple choice options

Abdominal aortic aneurysms measuring what size may benefit from surgical repair, especially in patients with hypertension, smoking history, or COPD?

>5-6 cm

3 multiple choice options

Abdominal aortic aneurysms measuring what size are commonly imaged every 6 months?

4.5 cm and larger

3 multiple choice options

Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms measuring what size are considered at the highest risk for rupture?

>6-7 cm

3 multiple choice options

During real-time and color Doppler evaluation of a vascular graft, which findings should be assessed as possible complications?

Aneurysm, stenosis, pseudoaneurysm, and fluid collection/leak

3 multiple choice options

During graft evaluation, which complications may appear as collections surrounding the graft site?

Hematoma, seroma, abscess

3 multiple choice options

During graft evaluation, which vessels should also be evaluated for flow?

Iliac arteries

3 multiple choice options

What type of abdominal aortic aneurysm is described below?

- The aneurysm wall is thickened

- Surrounded by fibrosis and adhesions (retroperitoneal fibrosis)

- Usually presents in younger patients

- Lower risk of rupture compared to typical AAA

- Often symptomatic with pain, fever, weight loss, and elevated ESR

- May develop from infection of the arterial wall (mycotic origin)

- Etiology may be autoimmune or infectious

Inflammatory aortic aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

What type of abdominal aortic aneurysm is described below?

- Also known as a syphilitic aneurysm

- Occurs secondary to syphilitic aortitis

- Most commonly involves the ascending aorta

- Aortic wall is weakened due to chronic inflammation

Luetic aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is associated with the following symptoms: excruciating abdominal or back pain, shock (sweating, clammy skin, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, fast pulse), and an expanding abdominal mass?

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

Aneurysms larger than what size are associated with an approximately 25% incidence of rupture over 8 years?

>5 cm

3 multiple choice options

Aneurysms larger than what size are associated with an approximately 75% risk of fatal rupture?

>7 cm

3 multiple choice options

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with what approximate mortality rate?

50-80%

3 multiple choice options

Which type of aneurysm is most common, accounting for approximately 65% of cases?

Abdominal aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

In which group is aneurysm-related mortality reported to be approximately 50%?

Males over 65 years old

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is described by a defect in the intimal wall with underlying vessel wall weakness, leading to separation of the arterial wall layers and visualization of an intimal flap with vibration?

Aortic dissection

3 multiple choice options

Which classification describes aortic dissection involving the ascending aorta and arch, and is associated with higher mortality?

Type I & II

3 multiple choice options

Which type of aortic dissection in the DeBakey model involves the descending aorta (may extend into the abdomen) and demonstrates an intimal flap without aneurysmal dilation?

Type III

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is described as an abdominal mass that appears pulsatile due to its proximity to the aorta, where pulsations are transmitted from the aorta to the mass (such as a retroperitoneal tumor, large fibroid uterus, or paraaortic lymph nodes)?

Pseudo-pulsatile abdominal mass

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is associated with congenital causes such as mid-aortic syndrome (abdominal coarctation)?

Aortic stenosis

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is associated with acquired causes such as atherosclerosis, vasculitis, trauma, embolus, and dissection?

Aortic stenosis

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is associated with symptoms including claudication, decreased femoral pulses, and Leriche syndrome?

Aortic stenosis

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is described as a form of aortoiliac occlusive disease characterized by blockage of the abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries?

Leriche syndrome

3 multiple choice options

An atherosclerotic plaque causes an __________ that erodes the aortic wall.

Aortic ulcer

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is described as injury caused by blunt force trauma, most commonly occurring in the thoracic aorta but potentially occurring at any level of the aorta?

Aortic trauma

3 multiple choice options

An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein is called a __________.

Arteriovenous fistula

3 multiple choice options

Which condition is described as an aneurysm involving arteries that supply visceral organs such as the liver, spleen, and pancreas, with a rupture rate of about 25% and a mortality rate of 25-70%?

Splanchnic aneurysm

3 multiple choice options

What is the most common type of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

Fusiform aneurysm

3 multiple choice options