Science and Electricity Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards covering electric circuits, static electricity, atomic structure, cell growth (mitosis), electrochemical cells, and basic chemistry (elements, compounds, and physical vs. chemical changes) based on lecture notes.

What is an electric circuit?

The flow of electric charge (electrons) through a conductor, such as a wire.

How do open and closed electric circuits differ?

In an open circuit, the path is broken and electricity flow stops; in a closed circuit, the path lets electricity flow through.

What are the roles of the source, load, and control in a circuit?

The source provides the voltage (energy) to push electricity, the load takes energy from the source, and the control (switch) opens or closes the flow.

What is resistance and how is it measured?

Resistance makes it harder for electrons to move and is measured in Ohms ($\Omega$).

What is the function of a resistor in a circuit?

A resistor is a part of a circuit that adds resistance to limit the flow of electric current.

What is an ammeter and how is it connected?

An instrument used to measure electric current in a circuit, connected in series.

How is Current Electricity defined?

The continuous flow of electric charges (electrons) through a conductor.

What is Static Electricity?

Electric charges that build up on an object's surface and remain at rest until discharged.

What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

A conductor allows electricity or heat to pass through, while an insulator does not.

Under what conditions do attraction and repulsion occur?

Attraction occurs when opposite electric charges pull toward each other; repulsion occurs when like charges (the same charge) push away from each other.

Which subatomic particles are found in an atom and what are their charges?

Protons (positive $(+)$, in nucleus), Neutrons (no charge, in nucleus), and Electrons (negative $(-)$, outside nucleus).

What is an electrochemical cell?

A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

What is the difference between a wet cell and a dry cell battery?

A wet cell battery uses a liquid solution (e.g., cars, motorcycles), while a dry cell battery uses an electrolyte in the form of a paste (e.g., flashlights, watches).

Define 'electrolyte'.

A substance that produces ions and allows electricity to flow through a liquid or molten substance.

What is a voltmeter used for?

An instrument used to measure the voltage between two points in an electrical circuit.

What distinguishes an element from a compound?

An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom; a compound is a pure substance made of two or more elements combined together.

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond where atoms share electrons.

How do ionic compounds form?

They are made when a metal and a nonmetal transfer electrons and form ions that attract each other.

What determines a 'Neutral' charge on an object?

When an object has no overall electric charge because its positive and negative charges are equal.

What are the three main phases of cell growth mentioned?

G1, S, and M (Mitosis).

What are the stages of mitosis represented by 'PMATC'?

Prophase, Metaphase (M for middle), Anaphase (A for away), Telophase (T for two), and Cytokinesis.

How do the chemical bonds behave differently in chemical vs. physical changes?

In a chemical change, chemical bonds are broken so atoms are free to make new substances; in a physical change, chemical bonds are not broken, so no new substance is made.

Give examples of a chemical change.

Burning, cooking, and rusting.

Give examples of a physical change.

Melting, tearing, and crushing a can.