BIOl 150 Group work 9

Silent mutation effect on protein

no effect on the protein-same amino acid

Missense mutation effect on protein

Could affect the protein if the missense mutation resulted in an amino acid that had a different chemical property

Nonsense mutation effect on protein

Results in a shortened protein that would not do its original function

Frameshift mutation effect on protein

Every amino acid after the point mutation would be different than the original, change in shape and function of the protein

What is an example of a somatic mutation

Mutation in a muscle cell

Mutation in a nerve cell

Cancer cells are said to be metastatic when they

enter the bloodstream and migrate to other parts of the body

Are all mutagens carcinogens?

Not all are, mutagens are factors that increase mutation rate

Why are most cancers not heritable?

because they arise in somatic cells

Normal roles of the cell cycle regulators proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

Proto-oncogenes promote cell division and tumor suppressor genes pause cell divison

What are the cancerous forms of proto-oncogenes called?

oncogenes

50% of cancerous cells have nonfuctioning p53 proteins. How does p53 help prevent cells from becoming cancerous?

It checks DNA for damage

Why type of gene mutation occured to produce the following protein sequence

Normal: JAYBIRDCATPAW

Mutated: JAYBIRDBATPAW

Missense

In which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated

S phase

During S phase of the cell cycle, a chromosome suffers a deletion that removes its centromere. When would it be most likely for this deletion to be detected, and what would be the consequence of its detection?

It would be detected at the metaphase checkpoint, and cell division would be arrested

A duplicated chromosome is composed of

two sister chromatids held together at the centromere

A student is looking at cells under a microscope. The cells are from an organism that has a diploid number of 14. One cell has 7 sister chromatids aligned in a single row at the metaphase plate.

The cell is in metaphase of meiosis II

Prophase I (5)

Chromosomes condense

The nuclear envelope starts to disappear

Crossing-over occurs

Homologous chromosomes become attached to each other

Spindle apparatus starts to form

Prometaphase I (2)

Spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes

The nuclear envelope completely dissapears

Metaphase I (1)

Spindle apparatus moves chromosomes to the middle of the cell

Anaphase I (1)

Homologous chromosomes separate

Telophase I (3)

The nuclear envelope re-forms around the separated chromosomes

Prophase II (3)

Spindle apparatus starts to form

Chromosomes condense

The nuclear envelope starts to disappear

Prometaphase II (2)

Spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes

The nuclear envelope completely disappears

Metaphase II

Spindle apparatus moves chromosomes to the middle of the cell

Anaphase II (1)

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase II (30

The nuclear envelope re-forms around the separated chromosomes

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell

Chromosomes condense

The principle of segregation states that

alleles of the same gene separate during gamete formation

The law of independent assortment states that

alleles of different genes separate during gamete formation

Genotype

genetic makeup (alleles for given genes)

Phenotype

Physical appearance or behaviors of traits

What is the relationship between a genotype and phenotype

Genotype and sometimes environment determine phenotype

Alleles

are variant copies of a gene