unit 56 vocab terms

declaration of independence

formal document by thomas jefferson using enlightenment ideas to justify breaking american colonies from british rule

• political legitimacy from divine right —> popular sovereignty (the people can choose)

• caused by enlightenment ideologies (natural rights, social contract) and mercantilism (british tax/trade limits)

• served as a revolutionary blueprint for future revolutions in other states (french and haitain rev)

• however, it tended to exclude woman, enslaved, and indigenous groups (not truly revolutionary)

creoles

people of spanish descent that were born in the americas

• led 19th century independence movements against spanish colonial rule

• were the 2nd highest tier in the casta system (under peninsulares), but wanted to be the 1st

• used enlightenment ideas such as popular sovereignty to justify

• not revolutionary as it kept the casta system, only replacing the highest tier from peninsulares to the creoles

miguel hidalgo and jose morelos

creole priests who led the early stage of the mexican war of indep.

• mobilized indigenous and mestizo peasants against spanish rule

• focused on social justice as well as independence

• used enlightenment ideas of equality and social justice to demand abolition of slavery and end of tribute system (taxing indigenous people)

• crushed by other creoles that feared that the poor would rise up and destroy the social hierarchy

simon bolivar

most influencial creole leader who led the independence movements against spanish rule

• envisioned a unified “gran columbia”, which failed due to intense nationalism within individual regions (smaller independent nations)

• used his wealth and enlightenment ideas

• wrote ‘the jamaica letter’

declaration of the rights of man and citizen

document of the french revolution that defined the rights of man and all estates

• rooted in enlightenment ideas, such as natural rights and social contract

• end of the old regime and absolute monarchy

• caused by third estates unfair power (lack of representation)

• excluded woman and people in french colonies

• led to internal protest and external revolutions (haiti)

olympe de gouges

french playwright and activist who wrote the declaration of the rights of woman and female citizens (1791)

• caused by the failure of the french rev to include woman

• highlighted the contradictions of the enlightenment

• executed during the reign of terror

napolean bonaparte

french military leader who led the french revolution, later conquered much of europe

• ruled as a dictator

• accidentally sparked nationalism as he conquered europe

• weakened spain and portugals control over their american colonies, which allowed creole elites in latin america to start indep movements

toussaint louverture

formerly enslaved man and military strategist who led the haitian revolution

• turned a massive slave revolt into a successful anti-colonial movement in latin america

• actually applied enlightenment ideas to black people

jean-jacques dessalines

successor to toussaint louverture, first ruler of independent haiti

• abolished slavery

• 1804 massacre of french white population, which made haiti a symbol of fear for white slave-owners throughout americas

• radical attempts to destroy racial hierarchy

independence debt

france demands for compensation for their loss of “property” (slaves)

• despite winning independence, haiti was still in constant risk of reinvasion

seneca falls (1848)

first womans rights convention in the united states, calling for social rights for woman suffrage

• grew out of the abolitionist movement, realized they also lacked legal rights to own property and vote

• used the declaration of independence to justify

• “all men AND woman are created equal”

elizabeth cady stanton

strategist for the womans rights movement in america, advocated for suffrage and property rights of woman

• argued that gender inequality was not suppose to be natural and its a social construct maintained by law and religion

• pushed for woman to be independent from their husbands

• used enlightenment documents to point out hypocrisy of male-led movements

national american woman suffrage association (nawsa)

organization formed in 1890 securing womans suffrage in the united states

• direct result of the industrial revolution, large female middle class

• began with individual radical thinkers

kartini

young javanese woman in dutch east indies

• published letters which became foundation for indonesian feminism and nationalist movement

• highly educated and criticized dutch colonial racism

• advocated for girls education

huda sharawi

egyptian feminist and nationalist leader

• founded the egyptian feminist union

• claimed that egypt cannot be fully independent from britain if their woman were uneducated and secluded

• sought to modernize the middle east by blending enlightenment ideas and cultural identity

steam engine

heat engine that powers mechanical work using steam as its working fluid

• became the defining technology for the 1st industrial rev.

• transition from human/animal power to wind/water to coal energy

• led to massive urbanization

• allowed for a global market

second industrial revolution

the second phase of industrialization focused on steel, machinery, and chemicals

• first was about coal, iron, and textiles

• invention of telephnes and radio which allowed empires to manage colonies better

• intensified imperialism → aggressive colonization of africa and asia because nations needed more raw materials

middle class

social class that expanded during the industrial rev

• factory owners, bankers, doctors, layers

• gained wealth from industrialization

• demanded a share of political power bc they had wealth

• bourgeoisie

robert owen

british industrialist and socialist avocating for better working conditions

• recognize the cons of industrialization such as child labor, poor sanitation, and long hours

• workers treated well > more productivity

karl marx

german philosopher, author of “communist manifesto”

• argued that history is defined by class struggle between oppressed and oppressors

• bourgeoisie vs proletariat

• inequalities are due to capitalism

• establishing a classless society

russian social-democratic labor party

revolutionary socialist party uniting various russian revolutionary groups under marxist ideologies

• made to overthrow the russian tsar autocracy and est. a socialist state based on marxism

• russias rapid state-sponsored industrialization led to a radicalized working class

• the misery of russian workers made them more open to marx’s radical ideas

the crimean war

conflict where allice between britain, france, and the ottoman empire defeated russia

• the humilitating defeat forced tsar alexander II to realize russia was in need of modernization

• emancipation of the serfs to create mobile labor force for factories

• served as a wakeup call for an agrarian empire to industrialize

• marks the transition from feudalism to state sponsored industrialization

caudillos

military strongmen who took political power in latin american nations after the independence from spain wars

• used personal charisma and military force to maintain order

• protected interests of the creole elites and land owners

• maintained authoritarian power structure centered on elite control

mexican revolution of 1910

social/political revolution to overthrow dictator porfirio diaz and address inequality in land ownership

• concluded with social rights, land redistribution, and secular education

• aimed to help the lower classes

king leopald of belgium

belgian monarch who established congo free states as his private property

• one of the most brutal colonial regimes ever

• centered on forced extraction of rubber and ivory

• resulted in mass mutilation and killings

• represents extreme exploitation and depletion of resources

taiping uprising

chinese civil war led by hong xuiquan against the qing dynasty

• caused by famine, population pressure, and the qings failure to protect china during opium wars

• qing won with the help of western military forces

• caused the dynasty to be even more indebted to foregin powers

opium wars

military conflicts between british and qing china, wants british to stop smuggling opium into the country

• britain wanted chinas tea but china didnt want anything from britain, except opium from india

• after china banned opium import, british navy forced the trade

• outcome w/ the ‘treaty of nanjing’ → opening 5 treaty ports

• economic imperialism, didnt want to rule all of china, only used china for their economy

self-strengthening movement

chinese reform movement aimed at modernizing the military and industry while also keeping traditional confucian values

• chinese learning at base, western learning for use

• failed because leaders feared that western democratic ideas would be a threat to their power

• compared to japan’s meiji restoration that went all in, china half did it and failed

boxer uprising

violent anti-foreign, anti-christian movement in china led by the “society of righteous and harmonious fists”

• targeted foreign missionaries and chinese christian converts

hundred days reform

brief period of modernization in china to transform china into a consitutional monarchy

• sparked by chinas humiliating defeat in sino-japanese war, proved that japans modern military was better than chinas