mind and brain

Short-term stressors

Temporary stressors such as exams or public speaking events.

Long-term stressors

Persistent stressors like caregiving for a sick family member or financial struggles.

HPA Axis

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis activated during stress, regulating the stress response.

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH.

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

Hormone released by the pituitary gland that prompts adrenal glands to release cortisol.

Stress Response

The physiological reaction involving the sympathetic nervous system's fight-or-flight response.

Cortisol

A hormone that mobilizes energy, suppresses non-essential functions, and is released in response to stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A model describing the body's response to stress in three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

Yoked Control

A control subject who experiences the same conditions as the experimental subject but lacks control over the stressor.

Jay Weiss's experiments

Experiments showing that predictability and controllability reduce stress levels.

Emotions

Complex reactions involving subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression.

James-Lange Theory

Theory stating that emotions result from physiological reactions.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory suggesting emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

Amygdala

Brain area that processes fear and emotional responses.

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

A standardized tool for diagnosing mental illnesses.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Behaviors added to the individual's experience, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Reduced functions such as social withdrawal and flat affect.

Dopamine Theory

Theory stating that overactive dopamine pathways are responsible for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Epigenetics

Study of how the environment influences how genes are expressed.