Cytokines

IL-1β

Pro-inflammatory induces fever, promotes adhesion molecules, stimulates IL-6 production

Produced by: Macrophages, dendritic cells

IL-2

T cell proliferation, supports Tregs and memory CD8+ cells

Produced by: Activated CD4+ T cells (Th1)

IL-18

Activates NK With IL-12 and Enhance IFN-y production

Produced by: Macrophages, Infected Epithelial cells, and Inflammasome

IL-4

Th2 differentiation, IgM > IgE class switching, M2 macrophage activation, Inhibits TH1 and TH17

Produced by: Th2 cells, mast cells, basophils

IL-5

Eosinophil growth and activation, helminth immunity, chronic allergy

Produced by: Th2 cells

IL-6

Fever, acute phase response, B cell differentiation, supports Th17

Produced by: Macrophages, epithelial cells

IL-7

Survival of naïve and memory T cells, lymphoid progenitor development

Produced by: Stromal cells in bone marrow and thymus

IL-8 (CXCL8)

Recruits neutrophils, promotes extravasation

Produced by: Macrophages, epithelial and endothelial cells

IL-10

Immunosuppressive, inhibits Th1/Th17, promotes Tregs

Produced by: Tregs, macrophages, dendritic cells

IL-12

Th1 differentiation, IFN-γ production, enhances cytotoxicity

Produced by: Dendritic cells, macrophages

IL-13

Mucus production, airway remodeling, fibrosis (with IL-4)

Produced by: Th2 cells, ILC2s

IL-15

NK and memory CD8+ T cell survival and proliferation

Produced by: Monocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells

IL-17

Neutrophil recruitment, inflammation, mucosal AMP production

Produced by: Th17 cells, ILC3s

IL-21

B cell help in germinal centers, enhances CD8+ and NK cells

Produced by: Tfh cells

IL-22

Epithelial repair, barrier function, AMP production

Produced by: Th17 cells, ILC3s

IL-25

Induces type 2 responses, activates ILC2s, promotes IL-5 and IL-13 for helminth clearance

Produced by: Tuft cells in the small intestine

TNF-α

Pro-inflammatory induces fever, apoptosis, vascular permeability, activates macrophages

Produced by: Macrophages, T cells, NK cells

IL-23

Th17 fate and maintenance and ILC3 activation

Produced by: Dendritic Cells, M1 macrophages, Epithelial cells

TGF-β

Suppresses T cell activation, promotes Tregs and tissue repair, inhibits Th1/Th2, important for IgA switch

Produced by: Tregs, Th17 cells, M2 Macrophagesmany cell types including epithelial and stromal cells

GM-CSF

Stimulates differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages from progenitors

Produced by: T cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells

IFN-γ

Activates macrophages (M1), enhances MHC I/II, supports Th1 differentiation, antiviral

Produced by: Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, Macrophages, Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, ILC 1

IFN-α

Induces antiviral state, increases MHC I expression, activates NK cells

Produced by: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, virus infected cells

IFN-β

Similar to IFN-α enhances antiviral responses and modulates immunity

Produced by: Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, virus infected cells

IL-33

Activates ILC 2 and Promotes TH2

Produced by: Epithelial cells after recognizing parasite