Unit 5 AP PSYCH - Mental + Physical Health

DSM - 5

diagnostic + statistical manual of mental disorders - published by APA

what : reference guide for making diagnostic judgements (psych disorders)

who : psych professionals

when published: current editions 2013

why : standard, playing by same rules, standardized diagnosis + treatments

extra : can change just like the constitution : make amendments

how to identify Psych disorders?

3 D’s

1. level of dysfunction : somethings not working correctly

2. perception of distress : cause some amount of harm to you

3. deviation : not with the norm

historical + contemporary views - how we view a problem influences solution

historical : satan, god’s will, possession, devil

solution : expulsion, death

contemporary : nature vs nurture, experiences, environments

solution : medicine, therapy, open discussion

confidentiality

therapy is confidential - therapist must maintain confidentiality, unless

1. you’re hurting yourself

2. hurting others

3. someone hurts you

4. you have given consent to share

insanity defense

insanity is al egal system concept - not is DMS-5 or any medical diagnosis

negative and positives of diagnosis

positive : medication + treatment, explanation of behavior, validated for feelings, finding community

negative : daily-life impact, discrimination, social stigmas, self sabotage, label dones’t match “you”, misdiagnosis risk

Rosenhan study : 1973

what : Rosenhan + 7 other psychologists attempted admission to psych wards by falsely claiming “hearing voices” - all heard “dull”, “empty”, and “thud”- everyone was admitted - average was 19 days in ward

conclusion : label stuck w/ them once given (schiz), reform is needed in mental hospitals

anxiety disorders (5)

specific phobias, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorders, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

specific phobia

marked by a persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation - EX. acrophobia + arachnophobia

agoraphobia

fear or anxiety about 2 (or more) of the following

1. using public transportation

2. open space

3. enclosed space

4. standing in line/in a crowd

5. outside of home

reason : escape would be difficult if something were to happen

social anxiety disorder

intesne fear iof being scrutinized and avoidance of social situations - included physiucal symptoms such as sweating and blushing - fear that others will notice said body response

Taijin Kyofusho - social anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder specific to the Japanese culture, fear others judge their bodies and undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing

panic disorder

experiences of panic attacks - unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread which include feeling of terror, cheat pain, choking, and other frightening sensations - often followed by worry over a possible next attack - “grounding”

ataque de nervios - panic disorder

“attack of the nerves” - panic disorder specific to people from the Caribbean and Iberian dissent

general anxiety disorder (GAD)

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal - constant state if stress for no reason - “anxious about being anxious”

obsessive compulsive + related disorders

OCD + hoarding disorder

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

obsessions : dirty, germs, order

compulsions : washing hands, bathing, repetitions

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty parting w/ possessions, regardless of their value - life time shows + Harvey’s friend story

trauma + stressor-related disorders

PTSD

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute PSTD

1. haunting memories

2. nightmares

3. social withdrawal

4. jumpy anxiety

5. sleep problems

depressive disorders

major depressive disorder

major depressive disorder

most common - must have 5 symptoms (one must be 1st two)

1. depressed mood almost all the time

2. withdrawal from activities due to lack of interest/pleasure

3. wight gain/loss - appetite increase/decrease

4. insomnia or hypersomnia

5. fatigue

6. feelings of worthlessness or guilt

7. issues w/ concentration

8. thoughts of death/suicide

other : only need symptoms for two weeks, treatments often include anti-depressants/SSRIs

Bipolar disorders

bipolar disorder (2 types)

bipolar disorder

an alternation between depressive + mania signals this disorder

manic/mania symptoms : impulsive, energized, euphoria, elation

bipolar 1 : extreme, depression is longer and mania is more extreme

bipolar 2 : less extreme depression and mania

Schizophrenia disorders

schizophrenia

schizophrenia

person must have 2 symptoms for a significant time - over at least one month

1. delusions : false beliefs “i am trump”

2. hallucinations : false sensory input - auditory

3. disorganized speech : mumbling/incoherent

4. grossly disorganized/ abnormal motor movements

5. negative symptoms : absence of normal behavior (reduced emotional expressions)

extra : positive symptoms are adding - “better” - the presence of abnormal behavior

feeding + eating disorders

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa

anorexia nervosa

restriction of energy intake (food) leading to significantly low body weight - intense fear of gaining weight - self-worth influenced by body weight/shape, lack of recognition of severe low body weight - many engage in binge eating/purging

bulimia nervosa

recurrent episodes of binge eating

1. eating within a 2 hour period more than most would eat in the same time/same circumstances

2. a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what/how much one is eating

recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors - vomiting, laxities, medications

binge eating + compensatory behaviors occur at least once/week for 3 months

causes for feeding/eating disorders

biological : hormones and chemicals

social/cultural : body shape “ideas” impacted by your culture/people around you

cognitive/behavioral : self image, family, learned behaviors

interaction of factors : motivation for eating is a complex interaction between biopsychosocial factors

personality disorders

enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that…

1. deviated from ones culture

2. persuasive and flexible

3. begin in adolescence/early childhood

4. stable over time

5. lead to personal distress/impairment

3 types - cluster a,b,c

cluster a

odd + eccentric

1. paranoid : pattern of distrust/suspicion

2. schizoid : avoidance of social activity + interactions w/ others

3. schizotypal : odd ways of thinking, perceiving, and communicating

cluster b

dramatic, emotional, erratic

1. anti-social : disregard for others w/ no remorse/guilt

2. histrionic : excessive attention-seeking behavior

3. narcissistic : inflated sense o self importance

4. borderline : emotional instability/impulsivity

cluster c

fearful, anxious

1. avoidant : feeling of inadequacy + being socially judged ; leads to avoiding interpersonal contact

2. dependent : feeling of helplessness + and a need to be taken care of + reassured

3. obsessive : compulsive, excessive focus on order and perfection

causes of personality disorders

biological : genetic predispositions + interaction w/environment

social/cultural : family, social context, cultural differences

cognitive/behavioral : maladaptive beliefs about self/others + environmental factors reinforcement

interaction : complex interaction of other factors