WVU BIO 115 Final Exam (Young)

RNA is created in a ________ fashion, which means DNA is read from ______.

5' to 3' / 3' to 5'

mRNA

Codes for proteins

tRNA

Carrier for amino acids; harbors an anticodon

rRNA

Along with proteins, makes up a ribosome

Determine whether the following characteristics of transcription and translation best describe prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, or both.

1. Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

2. A sigma protein recruits RNA polymerase to the gene's promoter.

3. The promoter for a gene contains a -10 and -35 box.

4. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

5. Pre-mRNA contains introns.

1. Eukaryotic

2. Prokaryotic

3. Prokaryotic

4. Both

5. Eukaryotic

A codon sequence within an mRNA molecule has the following sequence: 5'- ACG -3'.

What is the sequence of the anticodon of the tRNA that will bind this codon?

UGC

Which of the following helps to stabilize eukaryotic mRNA by inhibiting its degradation while in the cytoplasm?

A 3' Poly(A) tail

A 5' modified guanosine triphosphate cap

Place the following events of protein synthesis in the proper order.

1. An amino-acyl tRNA binds to the A site.

2. A peptide bond forms between the new amino acid and a methionine amino acid.

3. The ribosome moves so that the "empty" tRNA moves from the P site to the E site and the amino-acyl tRNA moves from the A site to the P site.

4. A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA, the tRNA for methionine (in the P site), and a large ribosomal subunit

5. tRNA in the E site disassociates from the complex.

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

During translation, peptide chain elongation to produce a single protein continues until _________?

A stop codon in the A site binds a release factor

True or False? Transcriptional control of gene regulation is the level of gene regulation that provides the most rapid response to changes in a bacteria's environment.

False

Low cAMP

LacI unable to bind operator

Low to no transcription

Glucose high, lactose high

Low cAMP

LacI bound to operator

No transcription

Glucose high, lactose low

High cAMP- bound to CAP

LacI unable to bind to operator

High transcription

Glucose low, lactose high

High cAMP

LacI bound to operator

No transcription

Glucose low, lactose low

Which of the following statements about cAMP (cyclic AMP) in the lac operon is FALSE?

A. When lactose levels are high, cAMP levels are low.

B. cAMP is produced by the breakdown of ADP.

C. cAMP assists in a tight association of RNA polymerase with the promoter of the lac operon.

D. When glucose levels are low, cAMP levels are high.

A. When lactose levels are high, cAMP levels are low

Which modifications would allow for DNA to become more condensed (more tightly coiled)?

Add methyl groups to histones.

Remove acetyl groups from histones.

Add methyl groups to DNA bases.

Which modifcations would allow for DNA to become less condensed (more loosely coiled)?

Add acetyl groups to histones.

Remove methyl groups from DNA bases.

Remove methyl groups from histones.

True or False? Post-translational control of gene regulation is the level of gene regulation that provides the response to changes in a bacteria's environment.

True

The driving force behind natural selection is:

the environment

All of the following are necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT:

A. Characteristics acquired by individuals over the course of their lifetime, i.e. big muscles from weight lifting, are passed on to their offspring.

B. Populations have the ability to produce more individuals than the environment can support.

C. Variation exists in populations (all individuals are NOT the same).

D. The fittest individuals leave the most offspring.

E. There is differential reproductive success within populations, i.e. some individuals have more offspring than others.

A. Characteristics acquired by individuals over the course of their lifetime, i.e. big muscles from weight lifting, are passed on to their offspring.

Recombinant DNA

Taking a gene from one living organism and inserting it into the genome of another living organism of a different species.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Making copies of a particular DNA sequence to be used in STR analysis.

Genome Editing with CRISPR

Using Cas9 and a guide RNA to remove of a segment of DNA that contains a mutation from a living cell and replacing it with a new piece of DNA with another sequence.

Synthetic Biology

Placing a DNA sequence that was designed and created by a computer program (DNA not found in any living organism in nature) into a living cell.