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Origins of the Modern Plantation System

Began with Portuguese sugar plantations in the Canary Islands and Madeira, relied on enslaved African labor, and adapted in the Americas, especially in the Caribbean.

Pope’s Rebellion

A revolt by Pueblo Indians against Spanish suppression of their culture in 1680, led by Popé, resulting in the temporary expulsion of Spaniards from Santa Fe.

Jamestown

Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company, it survived primarily through tobacco cultivation introduced by John Rolfe.

Sugar vs. Tobacco

Sugar thrived in the Caribbean as a 'rich man’s crop,' whereas tobacco became Virginia’s cash crop and was considered a 'poor man’s crop'.

Motives for English Colonization

Economic opportunity, religious freedom, and competition with Spain and France.

Maryland’s Act of Toleration

1649 law that protected all Christians but excluded non-Christians, seen as an early step toward religious freedom.

Barbados Slave Codes

Legal framework that legalized the harsh treatment of enslaved people and denied them fundamental rights.

Puritans vs. Separatists

Puritans sought to purify the Church of England, while Separatists believed in breaking away entirely, with Pilgrims establishing Plymouth in 1620.

Mayflower Compact

The first self-governing agreement in Plymouth, established in 1620, laying groundwork for democratic governance.

Chesapeake vs. New England

Chesapeake had large plantations and a tobacco economy with less religious focus, while New England had small farms that were strictly Puritan.

Colonial Rebellions

Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 exposed class tensions and led to increased investment in slavery.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

Mass hysteria in 1692 in Massachusetts resulting in over 20 executions, driven by religious fanaticism.

Impact of the Enlightenment

Emphasized ideas of liberty, equality, and rational government, influencing revolutionary leaders.

Great Awakening

Religious revival during the 1730s-1740s that encouraged emotional worship and churches based on equality.

French and Indian War

1754-1763 conflict between Britain and France, resulting in Britain's territorial gains and increased colonial taxation.

Proclamation of 1763

Law forbidding settlement west of the Appalachians to appease Native Americans, leading to colonial resentment.

British Trade Control

Enforcement of Navigation Acts to restrict colonial trade with non-British entities.

Causes of the American Revolution

Taxation without representation, British military presence, and economic oppression.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of the U.S. post-independence, establishing a weak central government.

Shays' Rebellion

An uprising by farmers in Massachusetts in 1786-87 over debt, highlighting the need for a stronger federal government.

Great Compromise

Combined Virginia and New Jersey Plans establishing a bicameral legislature based on equal and population-based representation.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement counting slaves as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution added in 1791 to guarantee individual rights.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 uprising by Pennsylvania farmers against federal whiskey tax, demonstrating federal authority to enforce laws.

Balance of Power in the Constitution

Division into legislative, executive, and judicial branches with checks and balances.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and criminalized criticism of the government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Debate led by Jefferson and Madison asserting states' rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Included a national bank, tariffs, and assumption of state debts, and was criticized for favoring wealthy elites.

Washington’s Farewell Address

Advice against political parties and foreign entanglement while promoting unity.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 case establishing judicial review, enabling the courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

Initial Beliefs of Federalists

Preferred strong central government, national bank, and loose interpretation of Constitution.

Initial Beliefs of Jeffersonian Republicans

Advocated for states' rights, strict Constitution interpretation, and an agrarian economy.

Revolution of 1800 Significance

Peaceful transfer of power indicating stability in the new government.

Essex Junto

A radical group of Federalists in New England advocating for strong central government and proposed secession.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina's rejection of federal tariff laws, leading to a forceful response from Jackson.

Indian Removal Act

1830 act that led to the forced relocation of Native Americans, known for causing the Trail of Tears.

Jacksonian Democracy

Expanded voting rights to white males without property and emphasized the 'common man'.

Texas Independence

Declaring independence from Mexico in 1836 after opposition to Mexican laws by Texan settlers.

Father of the Factory System

Samuel Slater, who introduced industrial methods and established textile mills in the U.S.

Cult of Domesticity

19th-century belief confining women's roles to home and family.

Importance of the Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, revolutionized production and increased demand for enslaved labor.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment primarily targeting Irish and German Catholics.

Mormons

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith, migrated to Utah seeking communal living.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival in the early 1800s that spurred various reform movements.

Manifest Destiny

The belief in U.S. expansion across North America, justified the annexation of territories.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement allowing Missouri as a slave state and prohibiting slavery north of 36°30' latitude.

Wilmot Proviso

Failed proposal to ban slavery in territories gained from Mexico, heightening sectional tensions.

Compromise of 1850

Legislation admitting California as free and enacting the Fugitive Slave Act, averting immediate crises.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Legislation allowing popular sovereignty over slavery in new territories, leading to violent conflict known as 'Bleeding Kansas'.

John Brown

Abolitionist who led violent actions against slavery and was executed, becoming a martyr for the cause.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped enslaved individual who aided others in fleeing captivity via the Underground Railroad.

Frederick Douglass

Formerly enslaved abolitionist and author promoting civil rights through personal narratives.

Free Soilers

Political group opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories, emphasizing free labor.

Border States

Strategically significant states (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri) during the Civil War.

Crittenden Compromise

Unsuccessful proposal aimed at ensuring the protection of slavery in southern territories.

Fort Sumter

The first battle of the Civil War, marking the beginning of hostilities with a Confederate victory.

Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory.

Antietam

The bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War, leading to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Gettysburg

Turning point battle in the Civil War that marked a significant Union victory.

Reconstruction Era

Post-Civil War period focused on rebuilding, addressing civil and social issues, notably through amendments.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which exposed the realities of slavery and galvanized abolitionist sentiment.

Perspectives on Slavery

The North increasingly viewed slavery as morally wrong, while the South defended it as beneficial and essential to their economy.

Know-Nothing Party

1850s political party with nativist, anti-immigrant sentiments that declined as Republicans gained more traction on slavery.

Oregon Treaty

1846 agreement that set the boundary for the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel.

Build Up to the Civil War

Intensified sectional tensions due to major events like the Compromise of 1850 and the Dred Scott Decision.