Summer Neuro - Unit 2

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

In CNS development, the 3 primary germ layers are …

Ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner)

At week 4 of brain development there are ________________ brain vesicles and they are:

3 primary: Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

At week 5 of brain development there are ________________ brain vesicles and they are:

5 secondary: Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

The telencephalon becomes this part of the brain

Cerebrum

The diencephalon becomes this part of the brain

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

The mesencephalon becomes this part of the brain

Brainstem - midbrain

The metencephalon becomes this part of the brain

Brainstem - pons and cerebellum

The myelencephalon becomes this part of the brain

Brainstem - medulla oblongata

Outer gray matter of the brain is known as the

Cortex

All neurons are ___________ in the cortex

Interneurons

Deep gray matter of the brain is known as

Nuclei

The cerebrum has ___ hemispheres and ___ lobes

3 and 5

The longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum separates the …

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

The transverse fissure of the cerebrum separates the …

Cerebrum and cerebellum

If we were to open the lateral sulcus, what would be inside?

Insula (5th lobe)

Name for a brain ridge

Gyrus

Name for a brain groove

Sulcus

This area of the brain is known as the primary motor cortex

Precentral gyrus

This is the area of the brain between the frontal and parietal lobes

Central sulcus

This area of the brain is known as the primary somatosensory cortex

Postcentral gyrus

This is the area of the brain separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

Lateral sulcus

The telencephalon becomes this space in the brain

Lateral ventricles

The diencephalon becomes this space in the brain

3rd ventricle

The mesencephalon becomes this space in the brain

Cerebral aqueduct

The metencephalon and myelincephalon become this space in the brain

4th ventricle

The spinal cord becomes this space in the brain

Central canal

The lateral ventricle is connected to the 3rd ventricle via the …

Interventricular foramen

The 3rd ventricle flows into the …

Cerebral aqueduct

The cerebral aqueduct connects the …

3rd and 4th ventricles

Where is CSF found in the brain?

Ventricles and subarachnoid space

CSF is produced by …

Choroid plexus (capillary beds) in ventricles

Outline the path of CSF

Choroid plexus - ventricles - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - dural sinuses (bloodstream)

Are brain capillaries porous?

No

___________________ separate CSF from blood

Ependymal and arachnoid cells

__________ separate ESF from blood

Astrocytes

What are the 5 “types” of cerebral cortex

Primary sensory cortex, sensory association cortex, multimodel cortex, motor association cortex, and primary motor cortex

Which cortex are associated with afferent signals?

Primary sensory cortex and sensory association cortex

Which cortex is associated with integration and higher-order functions?

Multimodel cortex

Which cortex are associated with efferent signals?

Motor association cortex and primary motor cortex

The primary sensory cortex is in the …

Postcentral gyrus

Bigger area of homunculus = bigger area of cortex = …

More neurons for that region

This functional area of the cerebrum is for speech production

Broca’s area

This functional area of the cerebrum is for speech comprehension

Wernicke’s area

This area of the brain is the primary auditory cortex

Transverse temporal gyri

The motor association area is located here

Premotor cortex

The prefrontal association area is located in the _______ cortex

Prefrontal cortex

This area has to do with executive behavior, self-awareness, personality, and goal oriented behavior

Prefrontal association area

This area has to do with sensory integration, problem-solving, language comprehension, and spatial relationships

Parietotemporal association area

The limbic association area is formed by these 3 brain structures

Orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus

This area of the brain has to do with emotions, motivation, memory, and personality

Limbic association area

What are the 3 major types of white matter tracts in the cerebrum?

Commissural, association, and projecting

Commissural tracts connect …

Cerebral hemispheres

Association tracts connect …

Gray matter within a hemisphere

Projecting tracts connect …

Cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

2 examples of commissural tracts

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

Short association fibers connect …

Nearby gyri

Long association fibers connect …

Lobes

The fornix connects …

The hippocampus to the hypothalamus

We reference the fornix as this type of tract

Association

Almost all projection fibers run through the …

Corona radiata and internal capsule

The internal capsule carries fibers between the cerebral cortex and …

Deep cerebral nuclei, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

The internal capsule is between the …

Lentiform nucleus & the thalamus and caudate nucleus

The limbic system is known as the …

Visceral and emotional brain

Most visceral output originates directly from the …

Hypothalamus

Emotional GSE is primarily regulated from these 2 areas of the brain

Orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus

What are the 2 major limbic systems?

Emotion and memory

Where is the emotion part of the limbic system centered?

Amygdala

Where is the memory part of the limbic system centered?

Hippocampus

Where is the hippocampus located? (which lobe)

Temporal lobe

The hippocampus is connected to the hypothalamus by the _______

Fornix

The hippocampus is responsible for generating …

Long-term memory

This is the major emotion center, especially for fear

Amygdala

Part of the limbic system that associates smells with memory and emotion

Uncus

Part of the limbic system with a function related to the hippocampus (memory)

Parahippocampal gyrus

Part of the brain associated with positive and happy emotions

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Part of brain involved with integrating sensory information & memory

Posterior cingulate gyrus

Part of the brain associated with fear withdrawal response and others, as well as motivation and decision making

Orbitofrontal cortex

Part of the brain involved in emotional response to pain & has direct communication to the amygdala

Insular cortex

90% of people are ______ hemisphere dominant for motor control

Left

Right hemisphere controls _____ body (and vice versa)

Left

95% of people are ____ hemisphere dominant for language

Left

What are the 3 structures of the diencephalon?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

The hypothalamus receives feedback from the ________ to generate its neuroendocrine repsonse

Limbic system

This part of the diencephalon functions as a relay station for the cerebral cortex

Thalamus

Everything going to the cerebral cortex goes through the thalamus except ____

Smell

Part of the diencephalon that secretes melatonin to signal the body for sleep

Epithalamus

Basal nuclei develop from the _____________

Telencephalon

3 primary paired structures of basal nuclei

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Together, the putamen and globus pallidus form this structure

Lentiform nucleus

Basal nuclei function to …

Help coordinate and plan cortical motor output

Basal nuclei disorders result in abnormalities of ________

Movement

Which kind of neurons are found in the corpus striatum?

Both afferent and efferent

Decisions in the corpus striatum influence _________ motor function

Somatic

The influence of the corpus striatum on motor function is ___________ (direct/indirect)

Indirect

Does the corpus striatum have influence on spinal cord neurons or cortical neurons?

Cortical neurons

Most efferent basal nuclei emerge from the …

Global pallidus

Efferent output from the global pallidus travels to motor centers in these two places

Midbrain and thalamus