Endocrine

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system regulates metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Define the term 'hormone'.

A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands that travels through the bloodstream to target organs to regulate physiological processes.

What is an endocrine gland?

An endocrine gland is an organ that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Define 'target cell'.

A target cell is a cell that has specific receptors for a hormone, allowing it to respond to that hormone.

How do the nervous and endocrine systems compare in controlling body functions?

The nervous system uses fast, short-term signals for immediate responses, while the endocrine system uses slower, long-term signals for sustained actions.

List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body.

The major classes include peptides, steroids, and amines.

Describe how peptide hormones are transported in the blood.

Peptide hormones are generally water-soluble and can travel freely in the bloodstream without the need for carrier proteins.

What type of receptors do steroid hormones bind to?

Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors because they can pass through cell membranes.

What is the mechanism of action for peptide hormones?

Peptide hormones typically elicit a response by binding to cell membrane receptors, activating intracellular pathways.

Describe the role of negative feedback in hormone release.

Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis by inhibiting hormone secretion when levels reach an optimal range.

What are releasing and inhibiting hormones?

Releasing hormones stimulate hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, while inhibiting hormones suppress it.

What hormones are produced by the pancreas?

The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon.

What effect does glucagon have on target cells?

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

Define paracrine and autocrine signaling.

Paracrine signaling refers to hormones that act on nearby cells, while autocrine signaling refers to hormones that act on the same cell that produces them.

What triggers the stress response in the body?

The stress response is triggered by perceived threats, leading to the release of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline.

How do endocrine organs maintain homeostasis?

Endocrine organs release hormones that regulate various body functions, such as temperature, hydration, and metabolic rate, to maintain balance.

What happens when homeostasis is disrupted in the endocrine system?

Disruption can lead to conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism, depending on the affected hormones.