Endocrine

By the end of this Chapter, you will be able to:

  1. General functions of the endocrine system 

    • Describe the major functions of the endocrine system. 

    • Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell. 

    • Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). 

  2. Chemical classification of hormones & mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. 

    • List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. 

    • Describe how each class is transported in the blood. 

    • Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. 

    • Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. 

  3. Control of hormone secretion 

    • List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. 

    • Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. 

  4. Control by the hypothalamus & pituitary gland 

    • Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. 

    • Define the terms releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone and tropic hormone. 

    • Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. 

    • Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones. 

  5. Identity, source, secretory control, & functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body ** Use the hormones below (grouped by organs) to perform the following outcomes, a through d: 


    • Pituitary: growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone,  follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone,  oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin) 

    • Pineal gland:  melatonin 

    • Thyroid gland: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin 

    • Parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone  

    • Adrenal gland: glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine 

    • Testis: testosterone, inhibin 

    • Ovary: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin 

    • Pancreas: insulin, glucagon 

    • Some may be covered in other modules:  

      • Kidney: erythropoietin, calcitriol (Vitamin D) 

      • Thymus:  thymosin 

      • Heart:  atrial natriuretic peptide 

      • Gastrointestinal tract: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide, ghrelin 

      • Adipose tissue: leptin 

      • Placenta: estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin

    • Describe the stimulus for release of the hormone. 

    • Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce the hormone.

    • Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. 

    • Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. 

  6. Local hormones (paracrines & autocrines) & growth factors 

    • Define the terms paracrine and autocrine. 

  7. Hormonal response to stress 

    • Describe the long and short term stress responses. 

  8. Application of homeostatic mechanisms 

    • Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. 

  9. Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. 

  10. Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states & disorders 

    • Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. 

    • Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis.



Exam outline: Chapter 17: Endocrine


  1. General functions of the endocrine system


a. Describe the major functions of the endocrine system.


b. Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell.


c. Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with


emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body


and the time course of the response(s) and action(s).


  1. Chemical classification of hormones & mechanism of hormone actions at receptors.



a. List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body.



b. Describe how each class is transported in the blood.


c. Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to.


d. Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene


expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the


response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule.



  1. Control of hormone secretion


a. List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones.



b. Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release.



  1. Control by the hypothalamus & pituitary gland


a. Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands.


b. Define the terms releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone and tropic hormone.


c. Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones.



d. Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones.


5.


Identity, source,



secretory control, & functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body



a.


Use the hormones below (grouped by organs)



Pituitary: growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone,




follicle


stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone,




oxytocin, antidiuretic


hormone (or vasopressin)



Pineal gland:



melatonin



Thyroid gland: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin



Parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone



Adrenal gland: glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids


(aldosterone),



gonadocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine



Testis: testosterone, inhibin



Ovary: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin



Pancreas: insulin, glucagon



Some may be covered in other modules:


o


Kidney: erythropoietin, calcitriol (Vitamin D)


o


Thymus:



thymosin


o


Heart:



atrial natriuretic peptide


o


Gastrointestinal tract: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting


peptide, ghrelin


o


Adipose tissue: leptin


o


Placenta: estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin



b.


Describe the stimulus for release of the hormone.


c.


Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that


produce the hormone.


d.


Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the


target tissue or cells.


e.


Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables)


within the body.


6.


Local hormones (paracrines



&



autocrines) & growth factors


Define the terms paracrine



and autocrine.


7.


Hormonal response to stress


Describe the long and short term stress responses.


8.


Application of homeostatic



mechanisms


Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain


homeostasis in the body.


9.


Explain



how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis.



10.


Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states & disorders



Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis.



Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs


could not maintain homeostasis.