Bio 211 Exam 4: L25 & L26 Circulatory System II & III & Respiratory System

How does blood flow from the heart to the capillary network?

Heart → Arteries → Capillary Network

How do capillaries function? How do they drain?

• Co-dependently, as groups called capillary beds

• Capillaries drain into a series of venules → veins

What are the three types of capillaries?

1. Continuous (most common)

2. Fenestrated (have fenestrations (holes))

3. Sinusoid (discontinuous capillaries, have larger gaps)

What are 5 characteristics of veins?

1. Bring blood TO heart

2. Collapses in absence of blood

3. Not muscular

4. Thin

5. Large Lumen (low pressure)

What are 5 characteristics of Arteries?

1. Bring blood FROM heart

2. Elastic

3. Muscular

4. Thick

5. Small lumen (high pressure)

What are capillaries?

Smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles to venues

What are special about valves in veins?

Veins have special valves that only allow blood flow towards the heart due to low pressure

(vary by size)

Label these veins that vary by size

1. Large

2. Small → Medium

3. Venule

What are Varicose Veins caused by? Who are they more common in? Are they Hereditary?

• Failure of valves to prevent blood backflow which causes blood to pool in one area and the vein to swell

• More common in women

• Generally hereditary

Where do these veins drain into?

1. Superior Vena Cava: right atrium from head, neck, and upper limbs

2. Inferior Vena Cava: right atrium from lower limbs, pelvis, and abdominal structures

What are the Three Major Types of Veins?

• superficial

• deep

• sinuses

What are the three major veins?

• coronary sinus

• superior vena cava

• inferior vena cava

What are these veins of the head and neck? Where do these veins drain?

1, Dural Venous Sinuses (many components): drains into other sinuses → internal jugular vein

2. Internal Jugular Vein: blood drains from cranium (through jugular foramen) to the superior vena cava

Which Vein drains the Venous Sinuses of the Cranium?

Internal Jugular Vein (exits cranium through jugular foramen)

What are these Veins of the Head and Neck?

1. External Jugular Vein

2. Vertebral Vein

3. Right Subclavian Vein

4. Right Internal Jugular Vein

5. Right Brachiocephalic Vein

Label these veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder:

1. Brachial Veins

2. Radial Veins

3. Subclavian Vein

4. Axillary Vein

5. Ulnar Veins

Label these veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder:

1. Cephalic Vein

2. Basilic Vein

What are the veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder? Deep and superficial?

Subclavian Vein splits into

Deep:

1. Axillary Vein

2. Brachial Veins

3. Radial Veins

4. Ulnar Veins

Superficial:

1. Cephalic Vein

2. Basilic Vein

Label these veins of the head and neck

1. Right internal jugular vein

2. Right subclavian vein

3. Right brachiocephalic vein

4. Left internal jugular vein

5. Left subclavian vein

6. Left brachiocephalic vein

How does VENOUS blood flow from the brain to the superior vena cava? (5)

brain → dural venous sinus → internal jugular vein → brachiocephalic vein → superior vena cava

How does venous blood flow from the lateral side of the forearm to the superior vena cava? (6)

radial vein → brachial vein → axillary vein → subclavian vein → brachiocephalic vein → superior vena cava

Label these veins of the abdomen:

1. Hepatic Veins

2. Right renal vein

3. Left renal vein

4. Inferior vena cava

Label these veins of the Hepatic Portal System:

1. Superior Mesenteric Vein

2. Hepatic Portal Vein

3. Hepatic Veins

4. Gastric Vein

5. Splenic Vein

6. Inferior Mesenteric Vein

Label these veins of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs:

1. External Iliac Vein

2. Femoral Vein

3. Anterior Tibial Veins

4. Popliteal Veins

5. Posterior Tibial Vein

Label this superficial vein of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs:

Great Saphenous Vein

What are the veins of the pelvis and lower limb? (deep and superficial)

Common Iliac Vein:

• Right and left internal iliac vein

• Right and left external iliac vein

  • Deep:

    • Femoral Vein

    • Popliteal Vein

    • Anterior Tibial Veins

    • Posterior Tibial Veins

  • Superficial:

    • Great Saphenous Vein

Label these veins of the pelvic girdle and lower limb

1. Inferior Vena Cava

2. Common Iliac Veins

3. Right external iliac vein

4. Internal Iliac veins

5. Left external iliac vein

6. Femoral Veins

What is the pathway for venous blood from the anterior portion of the leg to the inferior vena cava? (6)

• Anterior tibial veins -> popliteal veins -> femoral vein -> external iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> inferior vena cava

What is the pathway for venous blood from the small intestine to the inferior vena cava?

• Superior Mesenteric Vein -> Hepatic Portal Vein -> Hepatic Veins -> Inferior Vena Cava

What are the smallest vessels of the circulatory system? What do they do?

• Capillaries

• Directly supply oxygen and nutrients to tissue and remove waste products

What is the Hepatic Portal System responsible for?

• draining deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood from the digestive system

What is coronary circulation? Where does it supply blood and where does it branch from?

• The circuit blood travels supplying and draining blood to and from the heart

• Supplies blood to heart tissue

• Branches from ascending aorta

What are the 3 coronary arteries? Where are they/What do they do?

1. Right coronary artery: between right atrium and right ventricle

2. Left coronary artery: between left atrium and left ventricle

3. Circumflex artery: carries oxygenated blood to the heart muscle tissues

What are the three major veins of coronary circulation? Where do they travel?

1. Great Cardiac Vein (interventricular area)

2. Small Cardiac Vein (travels with/alongside the right coronary artery)

3. Coronary Sinus: under left atrium

Label these major veins of coronary circulation:

1. Small Cardiac Vein

2. Great Cardiac Vein

Label this vein of the coronary circulation, where does it drain and what drains into them?

• Coronary sinus

• Drains into right atrium

• Great and small cardiac veins

What is the problem with blockages in coronary arteries? What part of the heart is most likely to be affected?

• May reduce flow of oxygenated blood to hear muscle

• Left ventricle

What is atherosclerosis? What can it cause?

• Hardening and thickening of artery wall, can cause coronary artery blockages

What is Angioplasty? What/how does it treat?

• medical procedure to treat blocked arteries

• Expansion of artery by insertion of a balloon, followed by reinforcement using an artificial stent

What is heart bypass surgery? How does it work? How do we determine how many heart bypasses we do?

• Treats coronary artery blockages

• May be corrected by grafting other blood vessels (often superficial veins) to carry blood around affected artery

• Number of blockages = number of bypasses

What is the pathway blood takes nourishing the muscle of the heart?

Oxygenated blood from lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → right and left coronary arteries (→ circumflex artery) → capillaries

What is the coronary circuit responsible for?

supplying and draining the heart muscles of the blood