Hormones and the Brain

These flashcards are designed to help students understand key concepts related to the interaction of hormones and the brain.

Hormones are chemicals, secreted by one cell group, that travel through the __________ to act on targets.

bloodstream

Endocrine glands release hormones __________ the body.

within

The __________ gland is responsible for the control of hormone secretions.

Hypothalamus

The __________ gland is involved in reproductive maturation and body rhythms.

Pineal

The __________ gland regulates water and salt balance in the body.

Kidneys

Involuntary chemical communication involving hormone release occurs through __________ communication.

endocrine

Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal cortex and the __________.

adrenal medulla

Castration results in __________ changes in behavior and physiology.

behavioral

Hormones can communicate between individuals of the same species via __________ communication.

pheromone

The __________ hormones are responsible for stimulating egg-containing follicles or sperm production.

Follicle-stimulating

Negative feedback refers to the process where output feeds back and __________ further secretion.

inhibits

The __________ pituitary releases oxytocin and vasopressin.

posterior

Neurosecretory cells release hormones into the __________.

blood

Steroid hormones pass through the __________ and bind to receptors inside the cell.

cell membrane

The __________ hormone increases thyroid hormone release.

Thyroid-stimulating

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to release __________ or LH.

FSH

Testosterone is regulated by LH, controlled by __________.

GnRH

Arginine vasopressin increases blood pressure and inhibits __________ formation.

urine

The anterior pituitary releases six tropic __________.

hormones

Melatonin is secreted by the __________ gland, especially at night.

pineal

The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are components of the __________ glands.

adrenal

Estrogen replacement therapy may offer some postmenopausal __________, but also carries risks.

protections

Hormones can only affect cells with a __________ protein for that hormone.

receptor

Hormones often have a __________ secretion pattern–in bursts.

pulsatile

The hypothalamus directs hormone release and detects the hormone's __________.

effects

Ovaries produce hormones in cycles, including ______________ and 17β-estradiol.

progestins

Vasopressin and oxytocin can also serve as __________ in the hypothalamus.

neurotransmitters

Autoradiography shows the distribution of radioactive __________ in tissue.

chemicals

The hypothalamus is influenced by __________ messages and synaptic inputs.

circulating

The anterior pituitary releases __________ which influence growth mostly during sleep.

Growth hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls steroid hormone release from the adrenal __________.

cortex

Pheromones are released into the __________ to affect conspecific behavior.

environment

Neural communication travels to __________ destinations compared to hormonal communication.

precise

Protein hormones bind to specific receptors on the __________ of a cell.

surface

Some hormones exert nongenomic effects involving ___ receptors.

membrane

Immunocytochemistry detects __________ in tissue using antibodies.

protein

The hypothalamus also uses gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH) to inhibit __________ release.

gonadotropic

Functions of the anterior pituitary include stimulating lactation through __________.

Prolactin

Hormones can interact with other hormones and change their __________.

effects

Neurons release hormones into the blood from ________ secretory cells.

neuro

Behavior and hormones have a __________ relationship; they affect each other reciprocally.

reciprocal

Ghrelin is a __________ hormone that evokes growth hormone release.

stomach

Hormonal messages are analog, while neural messages are __________.

digital

The __________ gland helps regulate sleep-wake cycles through melatonin release.

pineal

Techniques like radioactive immunoassay measure hormone __________ in blood.

concentration

Hormones act in a gradual __________, influencing behavior over time.

fashion

Behavioral endocrinology investigates the relationship between hormones and __________.

behavior

Testosterone and other sex steroids are produced by the __________ and testes.

ovaries