Geography Lecture: Soils, Health, and Demographics

Vocabulary flashcards focusing on soil geography (Ferralsols, Podsols, Sahel), health case studies (Malaria in Nigeria, Lung Cancer in the UK, Glasgow health), and demographic transitions (Thailand and Japan).

Ferralsol

A nutrient-poor soil found in the tropical Amazon rainforest, deeply weathered through high temperatures and rainfall ($2492^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$), and characterized by red and orange colors from iron and aluminium oxides.

Laterisation

A process affecting Ferralsols where the removal of vegetation leads to exposure to intense rainfall and reduced structure, making farming extremely difficult.

Shifting Cultivation

An agricultural practice used on Ferralsols involving slash and burn techniques due to the rapid loss of soil fertility.

Podsol

A soil type spanning high northern latitudes (Asia and Northern America) characterized by cold climates, coniferous forests, low biological activity, and an acidic needle hummus layer O horizon.

The Sahel

A semi-arid transition zone south of the Sahara desert across Africa, characterized by temperatures between $36^{\circ}C$ to $42^{\circ}C$ in hotter periods and thin, sandy soils low in organic matter.

Desertification

Soil degradation caused by over cultivation, over grazing, extended droughts, and fuel wood collection, which results in agriculture becoming increasingly difficult.

Terra rossa Soil

A soil type prevalent in the Mediterranean region, such as South eastern Spain, which experiences hot dry summers ($30^{\circ}C+$) and mild water winters.

Malacia

A communicable disease transmitted by the female anophilies mosquito, prevalent in humid tropical environments ($20-30^{\circ}C$) with stagnant water for breeding.

Nigeria (Malaria Statistics)

A country that accants for $27\%$ of global malaria cases and $30\%$ of global deaths.

Lung Cancer (UK Statistics)

A non-communicable disease in the UK with approximately $48,000$ cases and $35,000$ deaths per year, where $70-95\%$ of cases are caused by smoking.

Lung Cancer NHS Cost

The economic impact on the NHS for lung cancer, estimated at $\text{\pounds}11 \text{ billion on sally}$.

Glasgow effect

A phenomenon where people in Glasgow experience significantly worse health and lower life expectancy than people in other like cities, even those with similar levels of poverty.

HALE (Glasgow)

Healthy Life Expectancy in Glasgow, which is only $54.8$ years for men and $56$ years for women.

Hook, Hampshire

A small commuter town in Southern England with high income (estimated at $\text{\pounds}68,000$ per year), low deprivation, and high life expectancy ($83.7$ years for men and $86+$ years for women).

Demographic dividend

A period where a country has a large proportion of working-age people compared to those dependent, boosting economic growth and productivity, as seen in Thailand.

Japan (Ageing Population)

A country where $29\%$ of the population is aged $65+$ years due to high life expectancy ($84-85$ years) and low fertility rates ($1.3$ children per woman).

Nanmoku

A settlement in Japan with $1500$ residents where $67\%$ of the population is over the age of $65$.

Womenomics

A response strategy used in Japan to address labour shortages and the dependency ratio by encouraging more women to enter the workforce.

81 million live wealth Campaign

A public health campaign used in Glasgow as an attempt to tackle health issues.