Neuro opto summer 3rd quiz refined

What system adjusts fixation when a visual target moves, adjusts fixation during head movements, and adjusts fixation when acquiring a new target?

Eye Movements

What level of the ocular motor system is responsible for higher control of ocular motility and includes versions and vergence?

Supranuclear Control

What level of the ocular motor system refers to the ocular motor nuclei?

Nuclear System

What level of the ocular motor system refers to structures below the nuclei?

Infranuclear System

What level of the ocular motor system connects ocular motor nuclei with one another?

Internuclear System

What type of eye movement consists of both eyes moving in the same direction?

Versions

What type of eye movement consists of both eyes moving in opposite directions and includes convergence and divergence?

Vergence

What type of eye movement is quick, ballistic, allows a change in fixation from one target to another, and requires approximately 200 ms between target onset and eye movement onset?

Saccade

What type of eye movement is slow, visually guided, allows tracking of moving targets, and continues after a catch-up saccade?

Smooth Pursuit

What visually guided eye movement consists of both smooth pursuit and saccadic components?

Optokinetic Nystagmus

What type of eye movement is slow and vestibular-guided?

Vestibulo-Ocular Movement

What term describes eye movements in which both eyes move in the same direction?

Conjugate Eye Movements

What term describes eye movements in which both eyes move in opposite directions?

Disconjugate Eye Movements

What vergence movement is associated with near object fixation and occurs when both eyes are in adduction?

Convergence

What vergence movement is associated with far object fixation and occurs when both eyes are in abduction?

Divergence

What does PPRF stand for?

Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation

What serves as the horizontal gaze center controlling horizontal eye movements?

Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)

During right gaze, which nucleus receives excitatory signals from the right PPRF?

Right Abducens Nucleus

Which extraocular muscle is activated by the right abducens nucleus during right gaze?

Right Lateral Rectus Muscle

Which type of neuron crosses the midline and sends excitatory impulses to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus?

Internuclear Neuron

During right gaze, which nucleus receives excitatory input from the internuclear neuron?

Left Oculomotor Nucleus

Which extraocular muscle is activated by the left oculomotor nucleus during right gaze?

Left Medial Rectus Muscle

In what brain region is the vertical gaze center located?

Mesencephalon

Which cortical structure located in Brodmann Area 8 is responsible for intentional contralateral saccades?

Frontal Eye Field

Which midbrain structure generates express saccades and automatically directs gaze toward a sudden sound?

Superior Colliculus

What Brodmann area corresponds to the frontal eye field?

Brodmann Area 8

What type of visual field is represented by the sensory maps of the frontal eye field and superior colliculus?

Contralateral Visual Hemifield

To what structures of the reticular formation is the frontal eye field connected?

Contralateral Gaze Centers

What type of eye movement becomes deficient when a lesion occurs in either the frontal eye field or superior colliculus?

Saccadic Eye Movements

In what direction are frontal eye fields concerned with producing intentional saccades?

Contralateral Direction

If the left frontal eye field is damaged, to which side can the patient not intentionally look when asked?

Right Side

A stroke involving what region may prevent a patient from intentionally looking toward the opposite side?

Anterior Parts of the Premotor Cortex

What type of saccades are generated by the superior colliculus and are not associated with planned eye movements?

Express Saccades

What are the four major components of the ocular motor system?

Supranuclear Control, Nuclear System, Infranuclear System, and Internuclear System

What are the two major categories of eye movements?

Versions and Vergence

What are the two types of vergence movements?

Convergence and Divergence

What are the three visually guided eye movements?

Saccades, Smooth Pursuit, and Optokinetic Nystagmus

What are the two gaze centers responsible for controlling eye movements?

Horizontal Gaze Center (PPRF) and Vertical Gaze Center (Mesencephalon)

What structures are responsible for upper motor neuronal control of eye movements?

Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus

What structure contains sensory and motor maps, is connected to the ipsilateral superior colliculus and contralateral gaze centers, and controls intentional contralateral saccades?

Frontal Eye Field

What structure contains sensory and motor maps and generates reflexive eye movements toward sudden stimuli?

Superior Colliculus

What structure is connected to the ipsilateral superior colliculus and contralateral gaze centers?

Frontal Eye Field

What structure receives sensory input and can automatically direct gaze toward a sudden sound?

Superior Colliculus

What muscle abducts the right eye during right gaze?

Right Lateral Rectus Muscle

What muscle adducts the left eye during right gaze?

Left Medial Rectus Muscle

What pathway coordinates activation of the contralateral medial rectus during horizontal gaze?

Internuclear Neuron Pathway

What nucleus innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

Abducens Nucleus

What nucleus innervates the medial rectus muscle?

Oculomotor Nucleus

What is the sequence of neural activation during right gaze?

Right PPRF → Right Abducens Nucleus → Right Lateral Rectus and Internuclear Neuron → Left Oculomotor Nucleus → Left Medial Rectus

What type of eye movement allows tracking of moving targets?

Smooth Pursuit

What type of eye movement allows shifting fixation from one target to another?

Saccade

What type of eye movement stabilizes vision during head movements?

Vestibulo-Ocular Movement

What type of eye movement combines smooth tracking and corrective saccades?

Optokinetic Nystagmus

What type of eye movement is used when viewing near objects?

Convergence

What type of eye movement is used when viewing distant objects?

Divergence

What is the functional significance of conjugate eye movements?

Both eyes move together in the same direction

What is the functional significance of disconjugate eye movements?

Both eyes move in opposite directions to maintain binocular fixation at different distances

What visual field does the left frontal eye field primarily control?

Right Visual Hemifield

What visual field does the right frontal eye field primarily control?

Left Visual Hemifield

A lesion of the frontal eye field affects what type of gaze movement?

Intentional Contralateral Saccades

A lesion of the superior colliculus primarily affects what type of gaze movement?

Reflexive or Express Saccades