Lab Practical I

BIO-168

anatomy

the study of the structure

physiology

how does it work

order of organs & parts of the human body

atom—>molecule—>macromolecule—>organelle—>cell—>tissue—>organ—>organ system—>organism

metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions in the body

*variable—> age, disease states, therapies, meds, lifestyle change

characteristics of life

• movement (gross & internal)

• responsiveness (sweat/ shiver)

• growth

• reproduction (mitosis & meiosis)

• respiration (break down glucose)

• digestion (macro—>micromolecules)

• absorption

• circulation

• assimilation (to build up)

• excretion

maintenance of life

• water (anabolic/catabolic)

• food (anything you consume—> glucose)

• oxygen

• heat (98.6 avg temp)

• pressure (atmospheric pressure is important for breathing, hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing)

homeostasis

internal balanced environment

negative feedback

helps maintain homeostasis

ex: blood clotting, urine contractions during childbirth

positive feedback

removes you from homeostasis, short-lived

ex: body temp, blood pressure, glucose levels in the blood

stimulus

a change occurs in the literal environment

receptors

detects and provides information about the stimuli

control center

decision-maker that maintains the set point

effectors

muscle or glands that cause the necessary change in the internal environment

response

the change is corrected

chemistry

relationship between atoms

atomic number

identifies each element

• # of protons

atomic mass

• # of protons + # of neutrons

• measured in amu

CHONPS

(elements that living organisms require)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

mass

how much space is occupied (constant)

weight

measure of force of gravity (variable)

isotope

change in # of neutrons

pH

potential hydrogen

cation

lose/give electrons

• it’s positive to give than receive

anion

receive/ gain electrons

covalent bonding

sharing of valence electrons

ionic bonding

physical shift in valence electrons

organic

• lived

• Carbon, Hydrogen

inorganic

• never lived

• everything else

solvent

does the dissolving

solute

gets dissolved

synthesis reaction

A+B—>AB

decomposition reaction

AB—>A+B

single displacement reaction

A+BC—>B+AC

double displacement reaction

AB+CD—>AD+BC

water

• is an important solvent

• major component of blood (rusty water)

• transports heat

oxygen

drives cell’s metabolism

carbohydrates

• C,H,O

• monosaccharides & polysaccharides

lipids

• C,H,O

• insoluble in water

• fats

saturated fat

max # of hydrogens

unsaturated fat

decreased # of hydrogens

proteins

• C,H,O

• amino acids

denature

pH, temp, radiation

nucleic acids

• C,H,O,N,P

• nucleotides

DNA

deoxyribose nucleic acid

• A-T

• G-C

RNA

ribonucleic acid

• A-U

• G-C

how many valence electrons represents stability?

8

Lithium has more neutrons than protons

makes it an isotope

cancer

uncontrolled mitosis

apoptosis

programed death of cell

nucleus

stores DNA, determines function, regulate mitosis & apoptosis

cytoplasm

organelles + cytosol

cell membrane/ plasma membrane

semi-permeable

rough ER

*presence of ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

smooth ER

lipid synthesis

mitochondria

synthesis of ATP

golgi body/complex/apparatus

1. ID of protein

2. package/ modify

3. secretion

vesicles

storage

lysosomes

contains digestive enzymes

peroxisomes

detox

micro villi

higher surface area for absorption

cilia

movement of substances

flagellum

movement of cell (sperm cell)

diffusion

*no ATP required

• movement of particles

• high to low concentration

osmosis

*no ATP required

*semi-permeable membrane

• movement of water

• high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

*no ATP needed

• movement of particles

“facilitated” = helping (through gates or proteins on the membrane)

passive mechanisms

no ATP required

active transport

ATP is required

endocytosis

to bring inside

phagocytosis

particle intake

pinocytosis

fluid intake

exocytosis

removal from the cell

hypotonic

water IN

isotonic

equilibrium

hypertonic

water OUT

mitosis

creation of new cells from existing cells

G1

growth & development

S phase

synthesis of DNA

G2

replication of all organelles

interphase

majority of cell’s life

prophase

1. nuclear membrane breaks down

2. chromatin condenses into chromosomes

3. centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell

homologues pair

23 pairs, 46 total chromosomes

somatic cells

“body” cells

metaphase

“middle”

• spindle fibers anchor to the centrioles & chromosomes line up in the middle

anaphase

chromatids separate to opposite ends

telophase

chromatin inside newly formed nucleus, cleavage furrow forms

cytokinesis

50/50 split on the cytoplasm before the end of telophase

stem cell

“blank canvas”

tendon

connects muscle to bone

ligament

connects bone to bone

goblet cells

secrete mucus

visceral

deep

parietal

shallow

serous fluid

fluid found in joints

A?

right upper quadrant

B?

left upper quadrant

C?

right lower quadrant

D?

left lower quadrant

1?

right hypochondriac region

2?

epigastric region

3?

left hypochondriac region