Making and Transforming Australia

Why did Britain colonise Australia?

Needed a prison colony and wanted land, trade, and resources

What happened in 1788?

The First Fleet arrived and established the first colony

Who was Captain Arthur Phillip?

Leader of the First Fleet and first NSW governor

Why was Captain Arthur Phillip important?

Established the colony and managed early settlement survival

What was the convict system?

Convicts transported to Australia for punishment and labour

What was life like for convicts?

Hard work, strict discipline, and poor living conditions

How were convicts different from free settlers?

Convicts were forced to come; settlers migrated willingly

What was Terra Nullius?

Claim that Australia belonged to nobody before settlement

How did Terra Nullius affect Indigenous Australians?

Allowed Britain to take land without treaties or consent

How did European settlement affect First Nations peoples?

Caused violence, dispossession, disease, and cultural disruption

How did Indigenous Australians resist colonisation?

Fought settlers and defended land and traditions

Who was Pemulwuy?

Indigenous resistance leader against British settlement

What were missions?

Settlements controlling Indigenous Australians and spreading Christianity

What was dispossession?

Loss of Indigenous land and connection to Country

How did introduced diseases affect Indigenous Australians?

Caused widespread deaths and population decline

What was frontier conflict?

Violent clashes between settlers and Indigenous Australians

Why did people migrate during the gold rushes?

Hoped to become wealthy from gold discoveries

What is alluvial mining?

Searching for gold in rivers and surface soil

What is reef mining?

Mining gold deep underground in rock

What was life like on the goldfields?

Hard labour, overcrowding, poor hygiene, expensive living

What challenges did Chinese migrants face?

Racism, discrimination, violence, and unfair restrictions

What was the Eureka Stockade?

Miners' rebellion against unfair licence fees and treatment

Why was the Eureka Stockade historically significant?

Encouraged democracy and fairer political rights

Why did people support Federation?

Wanted unity, defence, trade, and national identity

How did defence support Federation?

One army stronger than separate colonial forces

How did economic reasons support Federation?

National trade and banking became easier

How did national identity support Federation?

People increasingly identified as Australians

When did Federation occur?

1901

What changed after Federation?

Colonies united into one federal nation

What is the Australian Constitution?

Document explaining Australia's government and laws

What debates surrounded Federation?

Arguments about trade, immigration, and state powers

What was the White Australia Policy?

Laws restricting non-white immigration into Australia

What was the Immigration Restriction Act 1901?

Law supporting the White Australia Policy

What was the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902?

Gave women voting rights but excluded many Indigenous Australians

What was the Harvester Judgement 1907?

Established fair minimum wage for workers supporting families

How did laws affect Indigenous Australians?

Restricted rights and encouraged segregation and inequality

How can laws shape Australian society?

Influence rights, opportunities, and social attitudes

Why are historical perspectives important?

Different groups experienced events differently

How did beliefs influence historical events?

Racist and cultural attitudes shaped laws and actions

How can historical sources be biased?

Language and opinions influence how events are presented

What is a primary source?

Source created during the time being studied

What is a secondary source?

Source created later using other evidence

What does TADPOLE help analyse?

Reliability, bias, purpose, and usefulness of sources

What does "origin" mean in source analysis?

Who created the source and where it came from

What does "purpose" mean in source analysis?

Reason the source was created

How does emotive language affect a source?

Influences emotions and creates possible bias

Why compare different historical sources?

Reveals different perspectives and improves understanding