biochem

intramolecular

forces 'within' a molecule

intermolecular

forces 'between' molecules

ionic

bonding between a metal and a nonmetal

covalent

bonding between 2 non metals

ionic

electrons are transferred

covalent

electrons are shared

polar covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

non-polar colavent

equal sharing of electrons

intermolecular forces

van der waals forces

hydrocarbon

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

OH

ending for hydroxyl group

COOH

ending for carboxyl group

NH2

ending for amino group

dehydration synthesis

type of chemical reaction where a complex substance and water is formed

maltose

two alpha-glucose molecules make _____

sucrose

alpha-glucose and alpha-fructose make ___

lactose

beta-glucose and beta-galactose make ____

alpha 1-2

bonding number for sucrose

alpha 1-4

bonding number for maltose

dipeptide

two amino acids combine to form a _____

hydrolysis

breaking down of large molecules with the help of water

catabolic

another name for hydrolysis reaction

anabolic

another name for dehydration synthesis

absorbs

anabolic reaction ____ energy

releases

catabolic reaction ____ energy

1:2:1

the CHO ratio in carbohydrates

monosaccharide

monomer for carbohydrates

fatty acids, glycerol

monomer for lipids

amino acids

monomer for proteins

nucleotides

monomer for nucleic acids

starch

a polysaccharide used for storage in plants

glycogen

a polysaccharide used for storage in animals (also found in liver)

cellulose, chitin

two polysaccharides used for structural support

cellulose

a type of polysaccharide that cannot be broken down because it is a polymer of BETA-glucose, and every second glucose is inverted

beta 1-4

bonding number for lactose

glycerol

a 3 carbon chain with alcohol (hydroxyl) groups

philic

the head part of the phospholipid is hydro____

phobic

the tail part of the phospholipid is hydro____

polyunsaturated fat

lipid that contains multiple double bonds

sterols

lipids without a fatty acid component

hydrogenation

the process of breaking down a double bond with hydrogen atoms

cis

hydrogens on the same side of the double bond is a ____fat

trans

hydrogens on the opposite side of the double bond is a ____fat

unsaturated

cis and trans fat are both _______

olestra

artificial fat, leading to anal leakage

intermolecular

this type of bond determines a molecule's state of matter at room temperature

alpha-glucose

monomer unit of starch

amylose, amylopectin

starch is made up of two things, those are ____

chitin

polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects

amino, carboxyl

the two functional groups present in an amino acid

monoglyceride

a molecule that contains 1 fatty acid linked to a glycerol molecule

diglyceride

a molecule that contains 2 fatty acid linked to a glycerol molecule

triglyceride

a molecule that contains 3 fatty acid linked to a glycerol molecule

dipeptide

a molecule that contains two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

shrivelled, plasmolyzed

in a hypertonic solution the animal cell is ____ and plant cell is ____

lysed, turgid

in a hypotonic solution the animal cell is ____ and plant cell is ____

normal, flaccid

in a isotonic solution the animal cell is ____ and plant cell is ____

active transport

process that goes agains the conc. gradient

enzymes

these are protein catalysts

lower

enzymes ____ the activation energy

active site

substrates bind to enzyme at the ____

point of saturation

more substrate more reactions occur, only to a specific point known as ____

cofactors

inorganic, non-protein molecules that help enzymes

coenzymes

organic, non-protein molecules that help enzymes

allosteric site

non-competitive inhibitors attach to enzyme at an _______

feedback inhibition

when a sequence of chemical runs form a common product in end, the product travels back and inhibits earlier enzyme in rxn so no more products are formed, this is known as ______

competitive inhibitors

these type of inhibitors block the normal substrate because they bind to the active side

37

optimal temperature for animals enzymes to work (normal body temp in Celsius)

protein

enzymes are a type of _____ the speed of chemical reactions

hypertonic

a solution with higher solute conc. than another solution is a _____ solution

hypotonic

a solution with lower solute conc. than another solution is a _____ solution

isotonic

a solution with the same solute conc. than another solution is a _____ solution

hypertonic

in osmosis, according to the osmosis gradient, water always moves to the _____ solution

channel protein

a type of protein in facilitated diffusion which is polar and remains open

carrier protein

a type of protein that is slower than the channel protein

sodium, potassium

protein pumps pump ___

ATP

active transport requires ____ (type of energy)

denaturation

an irreversible process done to proteins

2

phospholipids consist of a glycerol ___ (#) fatty acids, and a phosphate group

micelle

a sphere formed when phospholipids are added to water

essential

we have 8 ____ amino acids that the body can't make, must be ingested

polypeptide chain

a whole bunch of amino acids linked together forms a ____

alpha 1-4

amylose has a ____ link

alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6

amylopectin has a ____linkage and ___ branch

alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6

amylopectin has a ____ linkage and ___ branch

condensation

another name for dehydration synthesis is ____ rxn

carbon and hydrogen

organic molecules contain ____

organic

all four macromolecules discussed are ____ (organic or inorganic)

water

an inorganic, very important biological molecule

conformation

end result of protein is called final ____ of protein

primary

in what structure of the protein process does the sequencing (according to DNA) of the amino acids happen

fluid-mosaic model

since the cell membrane is constantly moving, and it composed of many things, more than just phospholipids, the most common model is known as the ___

semi-permeable

the cell membrane is ____, meaning it allows certain molecules to pass and not others.

glycoproteins

carbohydrate chains attached to proteins

glycolipids

carbohydrate chains attached to lipids

cholesterol

a type of sterol, very important for the cell-membrane

pinocytosis

"cell drinking"

phagocytosis

"cell eating"

ase

enzymes usually end in '___'

substrate

the reactant that an enzyme acts on when its catalyzes a chemical reaction is called the ____