Exam #4 Outline on Cancer, Hematology, and Renal Conditions

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Cancer, Hematology, and Renal conditions as outlined for the exam.

Staging of cancer

The process of determining the extent and spread of cancer in a patient's body.

Hallmarks of cancer

Characteristics that allow cancer cells to thrive and proliferate, such as evading apoptosis and sustaining proliferative signaling.

Telomerase

An enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes, helping to maintain telomere length and enabling cell immortality.

Tumor suppressor genes

Genes that protect a cell from one step on the path to cancer; when these genes are mutated, they fail to regulate cell growth.

Proto-oncogenes

Normal genes that can become oncogenes when mutated or expressed at high levels, potentially leading to cancer.

Oncogenes

Mutated genes that have the potential to cause cancer by promoting cell division.

Anemia

A condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to decreased oxygen transport.

DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)

A serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive, leading to the formation of small blood clots throughout the body's blood vessels.

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells due to problems in the bone marrow.

Acute renal failure (AKI)

A sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A long-term condition where the kidneys do not work effectively, resulting in irreversible loss of kidney function.

Nephrotic syndrome

A kidney disorder that causes the body to excrete too much protein in the urine, leading to swelling and other complications.

Nephritic syndrome

A kidney disorder characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to symptoms such as hematuria and hypertension.

Pyelonephritis

An inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis caused by a bacterial infection.

Normal urine output

Typically considered to be between 800 mL and 2,000 mL per day in adults.

Interstitial cystitis vs pyelonephritis

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition of the bladder, while pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys.

ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases)

A test that measures the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH of the blood, helping to assess lung function.