LU 2 : Ways of Knowing

What is knowing ?

• know is to notice, perceive, realize, be conscious of, be cognizant of, sense, recognize

• refers to the way of perceiving and understanding self and the world

What are the senses are knowing based on ?

• Hear

• See

• Touch

• Taste

• Feel

What are the various ways of knowing in nursing ?

1. Sources of knowledge

2. Patterns of knowing

3. Nurses as knower

4. Research methods used to develop nursing knowledge

What are the 3 prime sources of knowledge ?

1. Tenacity : refers to traditional way (it has always been done like that)

2. Authority or expert : refers to the knowledge that is gained from nurses who have experience or role model

3. Prior knowledge : derived from a logical deduction process

What are the steps in deductive reasoning ?

1. Theory

2. Hypothesis

3. Observation

4. Confirmation

What are the other sources of knowledge ?

Oral knowing : knowledge transferred by mouth of mouth, from nurse to nurse

What are the four fundamental way of knowing in pattern of knowing ?

• Empiric knowing : knowledge gained through experiment, observation, using the senses

• Esthetics knowing : associated with the art of nursing

• Ethical knowing : moral knowledge, based on value of profession

• Personal knowing : awareness about oneself and the use of therapeutic self

What are the other pattern of knowing ?

• Experience : being in the world / Benner Novice to Expert theory

• Clinical knowledge : individual nurse’s personal knowledge

• Conceptual knowledge : use knowledge from nursing and other disciplines

• Empirical knowledge : result from experimental, historical, or phenomenologic reseach

• Intuition

Explain intuition as a way of knowing

• It develops from experience

• Nurses demonstrate their ability to make judgements by using intuitive expertise

• This knowledge can make a difference to patient care and outcome care

• It is defined as tacit knowledge

• Involves part of knowing that we cannot put into words

What are the five types of knowers ?

1. Silent knowers : remain silent and accept the voice of authority

2. Received knowers : do not create their own knowledge

3. Subjective knowers : depend on their personal experiences

4. Procedural knowers : depend on careful observations and procedures

5. Constructed knowers : rely on dynamic approach to knowledge development; creator of knowledge

What are the research methods used to develop nursing knowledge ?

• Quantitative

• Qualitative

• Mixed methods

• Translational research

What is Evidence-based practice (EBP)?

• the integration of best research evidence with clinical experience and patient values

• offers a framework for appropriate clinical actions

What are nurse action informed by ?

• Research

• Preferences

• Resources

• Expertise

What are the concept of caring in esthetics qualities ?

• Nursing skills

• Empathy and compassion

• Good clinical judgement

The moral code which guides the ethical conducts of nurses is based on ?

based on the principal of obligation