CIRCUITS STUDY and Dependent/independant in science

What does voltage measure in an electrical circuit?

The electrical potential energy difference between two points

What unit is used to measure electric current?

Amperes (amps)

According to Ohm's law, if you increase the resistance in a circuit while keeping the voltage constant, what will happen to the current?

The current will decrease

If a circuit has a voltage of 12 Volts and a resistance of 3 Ohms, what is the current flowing through it?

4 amperes

In a series circuit with three light bulbs, what happens if one of the light bulbs burns out and breaks the filament?

The other two bulbs will go out.

How does the voltage across each individual branch in a parallel circuit compare to the total voltage supplied by the battery?

The voltage is the same across each branch as the total voltage.

When you add more resistors in a series circuit, what happens to the total resistance of the circuit?

The total resistance increases.

Why are household appliances and lights typically wired in parallel rather than in series?

because if one appliance fails the others remain operational.

Which of the following changes would increase the electrical resistance of a copper wire?

Making the wire longer.

What is voltage, and how does it affect an electric circuit?

It is the electrical pressure or potential difference that pushes charge through the circuit.

Which of the following best describes electrical current?

The rate at which electric charge flows through a conductor.

How does increasing resistance in a simple circuit affect the current, assuming the voltage remains constant?

The current decreases.

Correct! According to Ohm's Law, current is inversely proportional to resistance. More resistance means less current can flow.

If you have a circuit with three resistors connected in series, how does the current flowing through the first resistor compare to the current flowing through the third resistor?

The current is the same through all three resistors.

Correct! In a series circuit, the current has only one path to follow, so the current remains the same at any point in the circuit.

What is the independent variable

The factor that you intentionally change or control. It stands alone and is not affected by other factors in the study.

independent variable is also known as

The manipulated variable, input variable, or the cause.

What is the dependant variable

The factor that you measure to see how it responds to changes in the independent variable. Its value depends on the independent variable.

What is the dependent variable also known as?

Also known as: The responding variable, output variable, or the effect.

independant variable

What you change

Dependant Variable

What you measure

"If_______changes, then ______ will change."

[Independent Variable] _______[Dependent Variable]

In a series circuit with two identical light bulbs, how does the voltage drop across each bulb compare to the total voltage of the battery?

The voltage is divided equally between the two bulbs.

Correct! In a series circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component equals the total supply voltage. Since the bulbs are identical, the voltage is split 50/50.

In a parallel circuit, what happens to the voltage across each parallel branch?

The voltage remains the same across each branch.

Correct! In a parallel circuit, every independent branch connects back to the power source, so the voltage across each branch is equal to the source voltage

When you add more resistors (or light bulbs) in parallel to a circuit, what happens to the total resistance of the circuit?

The total resistance decreases.

Correct! In a parallel circuit, each new branch provides an additional path for the current to flow, which makes it easier for electricity to move overall. Therefore, total resistance drops.

Consider two light bulbs connected in a series circuit. If one light bulb burns out (creating an open circuit), what happens to the other light bulb?

It turns off because the path for current is broken.

Correct! In a series circuit, there is only one pathway for electricity. If any component fails, the entire circuit is broken, and all components stop working

Chemical Energy

• Energy stored in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules.

• FTCE Examples: Food, batteries, wood before it is burned, and gasoline.

Mechanical Potential Energy (Stored Mechanical)

• Energy stored in an object due to its position or shape.

• FTCE Examples: A stretched rubber band (elastic potential) or a roller coaster sitting at the very top of a hill (gravitational potential).

Nuclear Energy

• Energy stored in the nucleus (core) of an atom, released when atoms split or fuse.

• FTCE Examples: The Sun's energy or a nuclear power plant

Flashlight:

Chemical (battery) \(\rightarrow \) Electrical (wires) \(\rightarrow \) Radiant & Thermal (bulb).

Toaster

Electrical (outlet) \(\rightarrow \) Thermal & Radiant (glowing heating coils).

Photosynthesis

Radiant (sunlight) \(\rightarrow \) Chemical (sugar stored in the plant

A 3rd-grade class is studying the properties of matter. Which of the following accurately describes the molecular behavior of a liquid?

D.

D) Molecules are close together but can slide past one another.

Control Group

a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment

Example

In an experiment investigating the effect of talk therapy on alleviating depression, the group receiving only the medicine would be the control group.

Assimilation

a process in which existing schemas are applied to new objects or situations

Formal assesments

a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application; often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria

Example

chapter tests, semester tests

Experimental group

a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment

Example

In an experiment investigating the effect of talk therapy on alleviating depression, the group receiving the medicine and the therapy would be the experimental group.

Summative assesments

evaluations at the end of an instructional period

Example

final exams or projects that assess overall learning

informal assesment

more flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested

Example

observations during a lesson

concept/vocabulary map

a form of scaffolding in which a new concept or vocabulary word is written in the center and pictures or descriptive words are written surrounding it

Example

A map with the word "weather" in the center is surrounded by words such as clouds, heat, wind, air and rain.

Hypothesis

an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.

Example

If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.

disequalibrium

occurs when a child cannot use existing schemas to comprehend new information

Example

A child moves to a new country. The new classroom rules are difficult to assimilate on top of the previous classroom rules.

formative assessment

ongoing evaluations to monitor student progress

Example

using exit tickets to check understanding of the day's lesson

Performance based assessment

assessment that requires students to show mastery of specific skills by demonstrating, producing, or performing something

Example

designing and performing experiments, building models, writing poems or shorts stories, and developing portfolios

KWL chart

graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows what students know (K), want to know (W), and learned (L)

Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning

In Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning, students work in small groups to solve problems or answer questions

recording the results of repeated experiments

To increase reliability, at least three trials for every experiment should be completed and the data recorded.

erosion

is the gradual wearing away or decrease of soil due to natural processes. The particles of sand are less dense than the river rock, making it easier for flowing water to carry it away. Rain is a natural process that eroded the sand.

weathering

the breakdown of rocks, soils, and minerals in place (without movement) at the Earth’s surface. It is the essential first step in reshaping the Earth's landscape and creating soil

keystone species

species is an organism that holds an ecosystem together.

ecosystem engenieer.

any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains, or destroys a habitat.

igneous rock

basalt
Explanation:

Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock. Igneous rock is volcanic.

metamorphic rocks

doubble check but

gneiss

marble

shale

teaching ethics strategy

regular and consistent are key words in teaching ethics. It is important to examine how science benefits society, but also how it could harm or do damage.

Which of the following is a reactant in the photosynthesis reaction?

carbon dioxide
Explanation:

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce oxygen and glucose.