Religion exam year 9 evil cue cards

Terra Nullius

Land that is legally deemed to be unoccupied or uninhabited.

How was ‘Terra Nullius’ used to justify colonisation?

Since it was said there was no one living there, it was justified to take over “empty land”.

The difference between Acknowledgement of Land and Welcome to Country.

• Acknowledgement of Country is a respectful recognition and can be given by anyone.

• Welcome to Country is a formal and official ceremony performed by a Traditional Custodian.

Significant events that shaped the Catholic church during its establishment in Australia

• The first Mass was celebrated in Australia on 15 May 1803 by Father Dixon, a convict priest. 

• In 1820 Fathers Therry and Conolly were the first priests to minister officially to Catholics in the country. 

• On 16 September 1832 William Bernard Ullathorne OSB sailed for Sydney, empowered to act as vicar-general.

what it was like to be an Australian First Catholic

• To be Catholic in Australia was to be Irish, and to be Irish was to be a member of a minority in the British colony of New South Wales.

• Many catholics from rural areas and did not speak English, but Gaelic

• It was from these foundational people that the roots of Catholicism in Australia grew. Much of their catholicity might have been folk culture, shared story and a bond of loyalty.

Post WW2 events causing change to the Catholic Church in Australia

• Migrants who came from Australia from countries all around the world from 1950 - 2000

• Australia began a large scale immigration program, the slogan “populate or perish” was used to help convince the Australian people that they needed to accept migrants into their country

• At the beginning, the kind of migrants who could enter Australia were restricted (this was due to the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901(also known as the White Australia Policy)

• Only ‘white’ skin were accepted as migrants

Migration and impacts on Catholicism in Australia

• During the early 1950’s, the Australian Catholic Church grew rapidly in part due to the postwar ‘baby boom’. 

• Many new parishes were established, the numbers of religious brothers and sisters expanded and due to the education they had received in Catholic schools, Catholics were making advancements in all professions and businesses.

Challenges experienced due to migration

• They needed people to understand them, priests of their own nationality, and schools for their children.

• European migrants had different catholic traditions to the Irish-dominated Catholic practices and many migrant children may have felt distanced from their peers because of this, e.g. they prayed to different saints 

Some of the factors that led to the convening of the Vatican II

• The rise of secularism( separating church from state)

• declining Church influence

• societal changes (e.g., post-war recovery, globalisation) 

Some of the most important changes and impacts that occurred because of Vatican II

• Changes in the liturgy - People were more involved in masses as they become more engaging; priests facing the people in church, priests speaking in languages the majority of the community understands (e.g. they speak spanish in Spain)

• Translated Bibles - People were able to read Bibles in their own language, making it easier for them to understand God’s Word.

• Religious freedom - People were no longer shamed for believing in a different religion, they were now respected and accepted.

Forms of diversity in the catholic church in australia

• Age

• Culture

• Language

• Eastern catholics- counted separately from Latin catholics

how the Catholic Church perceives diversity as a gift

The Catholic Church believes diversity reflects God’s creativity and the dignity of all people made in His image.

Ways the Catholic Church has catered to diversity in Australia

The Catholic Church has embraced diversity in Australia by forming various councils catered to different people, such as the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Catholic Council.

the role of Catholic sisters establishing Catholic education in Australia

• Recognizing the dire need for Catholic education, female religious congregations from Europe answered the call to support the Australian Catholic community, particularly after government funding for Catholic schools was withdrawn.

• These women frequently taught in makeshift classrooms, such as church halls or even outdoors.

• For example, the The Sisters of Saint Joseph established a network of practice schools, where novices could gain experience in teaching. 

How female religious congregations established the church in Australia through health and social services

• Female religious orders, including the Sisters of St Joseph, came to Australia to address the growing needs of people living in poverty due to white settlement.

• Early religious congregations, including the Sisters of St Joseph, founded many of the hospitals and social service agencies that continue to serve communities today.

Contemporary ministries of the Sisters of St Joseph

• One of the most important ministries of the Sisters of St Joseph is Joseph's Corner, based in Yarraville, Hoppers Crossing and Laverton.

• Joseph's corner aims to provide support to families in stress and crisis, free of charge.

• Their mission is to work with the community to assist in dealing with the harmful effects of drug and alcohol use. 

forgiveness

to stop feeling angry or resentful towards someone for an offence, flaw, or mistake.

what barriers to forgiveness their might be in our lives

• Emotional pain and resentment

• Lack of empathy or understanding

• Fear of vulnerability

The path of forgiveness and its impact on the lives of victims

Forgiveness allows victims to gain more peace with themselves since they are not carrying an excessive amount of negativity with them.

The path of forgiveness and its impact on the lives of perpetrators

Forgiveness allows perpetrators, if they are truly sorry for their actions, to ease their guilt by a little bit.

The scientific benefits of forgiveness

1. You feel more in control of yourself

2. Lower resting blood pressure

3. Lower chance of depression

4. Help interpersonal relationships flourish

5. Lower resting heart rate

Process of forgiveness

For the person who has been hurt, this is a process involving:

1. acknowledgement of the hurt inflicted and the pain caused

2. letting go of the negative feelings and the desire to seek retaliation

3. showing compassion towards the offender

4. making a conscious decision to forgive the offender

5. moving on.

Process of reconciliation

Reconciliation is a process which is usually, but not always, initiated by the offender. For the offender, this process involves:

1. taking full responsibility for one's actions and being genuinely remorseful

2. making satisfaction for the wrong committed

3. seeking forgiveness from the victim.

Importantly, reconciliation cannot come about unless the victim is willing to forgive the offender.

The Sacrament of Reconciliation

• The individual confesses their sins to a priest with honesty and genuine remorse, acknowledging their wrongdoings and expressing a desire to turn back to God.

• The priest, acting on behalf of Christ, declares that a person’s sins are forgiven after they have confessed and shown they are truly sorry for their sins.

The process of Reconciliation

• Examination of Conscience: Reflect on your sins (examine your conscience). You can use guides online or make a list to help you remember.

• Introduction: Begin by making the Sign of the Cross and say: “Bless me, Father, I have sinned. It has been (how long) since my last confession. These are my sins...”

• Confession: Tell the priest your sins honestly and clearly. No need for too much detail, just what you did wrong. If unsure about something, ask the priest.

• Penance: The priest will give you a task (like a prayer or action) to show your repentance and response to God’s mercy. Remember to do it after confession.

• Act of Contrition: Pray aloud to show you’re sorry for your sins. Example: “My God, I am sorry for my sins with all my heart…”

• Absolution: The priest prays over you and forgives your sins, saying: “I absolve you from your sins in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.” You respond: “Amen.”

• Conclusion: The priest dismisses you with a blessing (e.g., “Go in peace”). You thank him and do your penance immediately, if possible.

The Story of the Prodigal Son

• A younger son asks his father for his inheritance early and leaves home, wasting it on reckless living.

• He ends up penniless during a famine and is forced to work feeding pigs, realising his mistakes and feeling deep regret.

• The son decides to return home, confess his sins, and ask his father to accept him as a servant.

• The father welcomes him back with open arms, celebrating his return with a feast, showing unconditional love and forgiveness.

• The older son feels resentful, believing the father’s celebration is unfair given his own loyalty and hard work.

• The father reminds the elder son that forgiveness and rejoicing over the lost being found is a cause for celebration, emphasising compassion and mercy.

Jubilee and its impact

• The Jubilee Year in Christianity is a year of 'universal pardon'. 

•  It builds on the Jewish tradition established in the earliest times of the Hebrew people.

• The Jubilee Year was celebrated every fifty years and during this year, families were expected to: find their absent family members, the Hebrew slaves were to be set free, debts were to be settled and illegally owned land had to be returned to its owners.

Describe the 'door of mercy'

The Door of Mercy refers to a special door in a Catholic church that is designated as a symbol of God's forgiveness and mercy, it is typically opened during Jubilee years.

The need for indigenous reconciliation

We need reconciliation to show respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage, and to value justice and equity for all Australians. 

RAP (plan)

• A Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) is a formal commitment to reconciliation, done by schools and early learning services. 

• Some actions it includes are: Acknowledgement of Country, teaching about racism, and incorporating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and culture into the curriculum.

Outline the process of restorative justice

• Incident: A wrongdoing or harm occurs, affecting the victim, offender, and community.

• Acknowledgement: The offender accepts responsibility for their actions and recognizes the harm caused.

• Involvement: Victims, offenders, and relevant community members come together to discuss the impact.

• Dialogue: A trained facilitator helps guide a conversation where each party shares their perspective and feelings.

• Agreement: The offender and victim agree on actions to repair the harm, such as compensating for something that was lost or harmed, or apologies.

• Implementation: The offender carries out the agreed actions.

• Reintegration: The offender is supported in returning to the community, ensuring healing for both the victim and offender.

The role of forgiveness and reconciliation in the process

• Restorative Justice connects to forgiveness by focusing on healing. 

• Offenders admit their actions, and victims share their feelings, creating empathy. 

• Through accountability, both sides get a chance to heal and move forward.

Diversity

Refers to the presence of differences within a group, community, or society.

Reconciliation

The process of restoring friendly relations after a conflict or disagreement.

Vernacular

The everyday language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular region or country, as opposed to formal or literary language. 

Populate or Perish

A slogan used in Australia during the 1940s, as part of government policy aimed at encouraging population growth.

Act of Contrition

A prayer in the Catholic Church that expresses sorrow for one's sins and a desire for forgiveness.

Denomination

A recognized branch or subgroup within a larger religious tradition, especially within Christianity.

Parable

A simple, short story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson.

Absolution

the formal forgiveness of sins granted by a priest in the Catholic Church, particularly during the Sacrament of Reconciliation (Confession).

Stakeholder

A person who has a vested interest or concern in an idea.

Second Vatican Council (Vatican II)

A council to promote unity of the Catholic Church, which began in 1962.

Penance

The act of showing sorrow and repentance for sins.

Jubilee

A special year of celebration.

Outline the history of Catholicism globally leading up to 1788

The Catholic Church began in Australia with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788.
- The catholics were irish convicts

Key features of Catholicism brought to Australia by early settlers

Until the Catholic Relief Acts gradually took effect here, the practice of the faith was illegal, and Catholics were compelled to attend Anglican services. Samuel Marsden, Anglican chaplain and magistrate (“the hanging parson”) would order Catholic convicts to be flogged. 

The experiences of early Catholic convicts

• A fifth of Catholic convicts could be described as victims of political oppression

• the rest were 'proper' criminals as petty thieves forces to crime in order to live.

• Much of their catholicity might have been folk culture, shared story and a bond of loyalty.

• Signs of faith on convict ships were only ever seen amongst Catholics, who were observed quietly 'counting their rosary beads, crossing themselves (sign of the cross) and reciting their prayers from a book.

Key figures in Australian Catholicism- Father James Dixon

He was a convict priest who celebrated the first catholic mass in australia
Other key figures arrived in australia to respond to the pastoral needs of the community.

Plenary council

A Plenary Council is the highest formal gathering of all local churches in a country.