W4 - Quantitative

What are the 7 steps of the scientific method

Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion, report

What is target population

The large group to which research results will be applicable

Why do we want a large target population

So the results are as generalizable as possible

What is the accessible population

The subset of the target population

What is the sample

The subgroup of the accessible population that will actually be studied

How do you avoid cherry picking

Ask yourself if you chose people who would guarantee your success (and if yes re-choose)

What is inclusion criteria

Primary traits making a person eligible to participate

What is exclusion criteria

Factors that would exclude someone from participating

How do you determine eligibility criteria

Build them around your research question to filter out what might cloud results

___ eligibility criteria may ___ generalizability

Narrowing, limit

___ your eligibility criteria may allow ___ variables

Broadening, confounding

Your ___ ___ must be your guiding principle when developing eligibility criteria

Research question

What are the 2 types of sampling

Probability and non-probability

What are the 3 types of probability sampling

Simple random, systematic, stratified random

What are the 3 types of non-probability sampling

Convenience, quota, purposive

What is probability sampling

Every member of a population has an equal opportunity of being selected

What is non-probability sampling

Samples are chosen on some basis other than random selection

What is simple random sampling

Participants randomly selected from an accessible population

What is systematic sampling

Systematic selection of accessible population arranged in no inherent order (ie every 10th person)

What is stratified random sampling

The accessible population is divided into strata to ensure proportional representation of important characteristics

What is convenience sampling

Participants are chosen based on availability and accessibility

What are the 2 types of convenience sampling

Consecutive and volunteer

What is consecutive convenience sampling

All patients receiving clinical care meeting criteria are invited to participate

What is volunteer convenience sampling

Participants are recruited via fliers/word of mouth, AKA snowball sampling

What is quota sampling

Participants are chosen based on availability and accessibility but there are target quotas for certain characteristics

What is purposive sampling

Hand-picking participants based on specific criteria

What are 7 barriers to enrollment

geographical, financial, transportation, caregiving, obtaining consent, mistrust, health concerns

what is sampling bias

when individuals selected for the study over or under represent certain characteristics which limits generalizability

what is conscious bias

known bias in recruitment leading to over or under representation of a certain group/characteristic

what is unconscious bias

unknown bias in recruitment leading to over or under representation of a certain group/characteristic

what are the 3 characteristics of an RCT

manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment, presence of a control group

what are the 3 types of random assignment

simple, block, stratified

what is unique about simple random assignment

equal chance of any group

what is unique about block random assignment

assures even number of participants per group

what is unique about stratified random assignment

ensures proportional representation of important characteristics

what is allocation concealment

inclusion judge is unaware of which group each person ends up in

what are the 3 possibilities for control groups

no treatment, placebo, standard of care

what are the 3 types of blinding, and which is the easiest to do in PT research

participant, therapist, assessor; assessor

what are the exceptions of pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) versus RCTs? (4)

relaxed exclusion criteria, looser recruitment restrictions, less rigidly controlled treatment, control group receives standard of care

what are the reasons for a quasi-experimental study (2)

ethical and practical

case-control studies are distinguished by a ____ while cohort studys are distinguished by a ____ that is not the ____

condition, shared characteristic, condition

what are the 3 types of descriptive study designs

cross-sectional, case series, case study