benchmark 2

Taxonomy

the naming of living things

Aristotle (300 BC)

grouped animals by their physical characteristics

Carolus Linneaeus (1735)

founder of modern taxonomy based on physical and structural similarities

Order of Classification

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Species

similar organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring

Today’s classification system

biochemical analysis and embryo comparisons

Binomial Nomenclature

2 word system of identifying each organism by genus + species

Dichotomous Key

a key for the identification of organisms based on series of choices between alternative

Vascular tissue

has conductive tubes

Xylem

transports water

Phloem

transports nutrients and food

Flower

reproductive structures

Fruit

holds the seed

Leaves

where photosynthesis occurs

Stem

holds up the plants

Roots

hold plant in soil and takes up water and food and root hairs increase surface area for more absorption

Meristems

zone of actively dividing cells

Gametophyte (haploid)

makes gametes

Sporophyte (diploid)

makes spores

Anther

pollen, contains sperms

Ovule

pistil, contains eggs

Fertilization

when the pollen gets to the ovule and a seed is produced

Seeds

contain the embryo and food surrounded by a protective coat

Cotyledon

seed leaf that absorbs food from the endosperm

Plumule

shoot

Hypocotol

stem

Radicile

root

Seed germination

the development of the embryo into a new plant

Factors that influence seed germination

1. Amount of water 2. Favorable temperature 3. Presence of oxygen

Nonvascular

no conducting tubes

Nonvascular plants transport

water and nutrients move by diffusion (slow process)

Nonvascular plants reproduction

sperm swim to egg (sexual) spores (asexual)

Vascular

have conducting tubes

Ferns

disperse ferns and have leaves called fronds in rainforests and cooler climates

Gymnosperms

seed plants, no flowers, seeds in cones

Conifers

hemlock, redwood and cedar, pine

Conifers leaves

needles, green year round and in cooler climates

Cycads

palm trees with cones in tropical regions

Ginkgoes

leaves are fan shaped and the only living species is the ginkgo biloba

Angiosperms

flowering plants, seed plants, seed in a fruit for protection, monocots and dicots

Monocots

1 cotyledon, veins parallel, flowers in multiples of 3, scattered primary vascular bundles in a stem

Dictos

2 cotyledons, netlike veins, flowers in fours of fives, ring primary vascular bundles in a stem

Cuticle

waxy, waterproof coating on leaves

stomata

regulates water loss and gas exchange

To increase the rate of photosynthesis

leaves have a large surface area to trap sunlight

Method of getting water from the and

roots and stems to get water and nutrients from the soil throughout the plant

Transpiration

evaporation of water from leaves through stomata

Translocation

movement of dissolved food in phloem

Plant hormones

chemicals that are produced in one part of an organism and sent to the other parts to cause a change in the organism

Hormones

regulate growth and development

Auxins

for stem growth

Gibberellins

to grow taller

Cytokinins

to increase cell division

Ethylene gas

for ripening of fruits

Four types of fungi

club fungi, sac fungi, molds, imperfect fungi

Mushroom spores

gills

Mold spores

in sporangia

Lichen

fungus+algae

Mycorrhizae

plant root+ fungi

Plasmodium

causes malaria

Plant like protists are called

algae

Giardia

moves by a flagellum and most are parasites

Diatoms

autotrophic plant like protest shells made of silica

Gonyaulax

moves by a flagellum and most live by the ocean and causes red tides (lethal)

Brown algae

kelp

Green algae

chlamydomonas

Red algae

seaweeds

Slime molds

live on dead logs or plants and they reproduce using spores

Water molds

either a parasite or a decomposer and reproduce using spores

Bacteriophage

type of virus that infects bacteria

Enveloped animal virus examples

influenza and HIV

Retrovirus (HIV)

rna -> makes dna -> new RNA

Dna

small pox, warts, herpes, chicken pox, shingles

Rna

HIV. influenza, measles, polio, cold, mumps

Vaccine

injection of a weathered or dead pathogen (virus or sometimes bacteria used to increase immunity)

Saprophytes

use enzymes to break down dead organisms

Coccus

spherical

Bacillus

rod shaped

Spirillum

spiral

Alexander fleming

discovered antibiotics

Scientific Method

how scientists study scientific problems

Step 1 - Define the problem

Define the problem- asks a question

Step 2 - write a hypothesis

Hypothesis- educated guess based on previous knowledge

Step 3 - materials

materials

Step 4 - procedure

Procedure- tests the hypothesis, explains the steps, and must be repeatable

Step 5 - results

Results- can be graphs, charts, and paragraphs

Step 6 - conclusion

Conclusion- make sure it verifies the hypothesis and describe further experiments

Hypothesis can never be

proven

Controlled experiment

an experiment in which all the conditions are kept the same except for one condition being tested

Groups

control and variable

Control group

no factor is changed

Variables

indpendent and dependent variable

Independent variable

the variable that the experimenter changes

Dependent variable

the variable

Theory

hypothesis verified by many experiments over time