Upper Extremity Injuries

What is the mechanism of injury for an AC Sprain?

Fall on an outstretched arm or direct blow to the shoulder.

What special tests are used for diagnosing an AC Sprain?

Cross-body adduction test and AC joint compression test.

What are the symptoms of an AC Sprain?

Pain at the AC joint, swelling, tenderness, limited shoulder motion.

What is the treatment for an AC Sprain?

Rest, ice, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, possibly surgery for severe cases.

What is the mechanism of injury for an SC Sprain?

Direct trauma to the shoulder, fall, or forceful impact.

What special test is used for diagnosing an SC Sprain?

Sternoclavicular joint stability test.

What are the signs and symptoms of an SC Sprain?

Pain and swelling at the SC joint, possible displacement.

What is the treatment for an SC Sprain?

Rest, ice, immobilization, physical therapy.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Clavicle Fracture?

Fall on the shoulder or direct impact.

What is the main sign to inspect for in a Clavicle Fracture?

Inspection for deformity and palpation of clavicle.

What are the symptoms of a Clavicle Fracture?

Pain, swelling, deformity, difficulty lifting arm.

What is the treatment for a Clavicle Fracture?

Sling immobilization, surgery for displaced fractures.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Glenohumeral Dislocation?

Arm is forced into an awkward position, often seen in sports.

What special tests are used for diagnosing Glenohumeral Dislocation?

Apprehension test and relocation test.

What are the symptoms of a Glenohumeral Dislocation?

Visible deformity, intense pain, inability to move arm.

What is the treatment for Glenohumeral Dislocation?

Reduction (relocation), immobilization, physical therapy.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Glenohumeral Subluxation?

Repetitive overhead activities or trauma.

What special test is used for diagnosing a Glenohumeral Subluxation?

Apprehension test.

What are the symptoms of a Glenohumeral Subluxation?

Feeling of the shoulder 'slipping,' pain, instability.

What is the treatment for Glenohumeral Subluxation?

Strengthening exercises, physical therapy, possible surgical intervention.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Rotator Cuff Strain?

Overuse or acute injury.

What special tests are used for diagnosing a Rotator Cuff Strain?

Drop arm test and empty can test.

What are the symptoms of a Rotator Cuff Strain?

Pain, weakness in shoulder, limited range of motion.

What is the treatment for a Rotator Cuff Strain?

Rest, ice, physical therapy, corticosteroid injections.

What is the mechanism of injury for Impingement in the subacromial space?

Repetitive overhead activity or structural abnormalities.

What special tests are used for diagnosing Impingement?

Neer test and Hawkins-Kennedy test.

What are the symptoms of Impingement?

Pain during overhead activities, tenderness in the shoulder.

What is the treatment for Impingement?

Rest, physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, possible surgery.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Slap Tear?

Overhead activities or falling on an outstretched arm.

What special tests are used for diagnosing a Slap Tear?

O'Brien's test and biceps load test.

What are the symptoms of a Slap Tear?

Pain with overhead motions, clicking or popping sensation.

What is the treatment for a Slap Tear?

Rest, physical therapy, surgery for severe cases.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Bankart Lesion?

Shoulder dislocation, typically anterior.

What special test is used for diagnosing a Bankart Lesion?

Apprehension test.

What are the symptoms of a Bankart Lesion?

Shoulder instability, pain, weakness.

What is the treatment for a Bankart Lesion?

Rehabilitation, surgery if conservative treatment fails.

What is the mechanism of injury for Bicep Tendinitis?

Overuse or repetitive overhead movements.

What special tests are used for diagnosing Bicep Tendinitis?

Speed's test and Yergason's test.

What are the symptoms of Bicep Tendinitis?

Pain in the front of the shoulder, tenderness.

What is the treatment for Bicep Tendinitis?

Rest, ice, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications.

What is the mechanism of injury for Lateral Epicondylitis?

Overuse of wrist extensors, often seen in racquet sports.

What special tests are used for diagnosing Lateral Epicondylitis?

Cozen's test and Mill's test.

What are the symptoms of Lateral Epicondylitis?

Pain on the outside of the elbow, weakness in grip.

What is the treatment for Lateral Epicondylitis?

Rest, ice, physical therapy, brace, corticosteroids.

What is the mechanism of injury for Medial Epicondylitis?

Overuse of wrist flexors, common in golfers.

What special test is used for diagnosing Medial Epicondylitis?

Golfer's elbow test.

What are the symptoms of Medial Epicondylitis?

Pain on the inside of the elbow, weakness in grip.

What is the treatment for Medial Epicondylitis?

Rest, ice, physical therapy, brace, corticosteroids.

What is the mechanism of injury for UCL Sprain?

Overhead throwing or repetitive stress.

What special test is used for diagnosing UCL Sprain?

Valgus stress test.

What are the symptoms of UCL Sprain?

Pain on the inside of the elbow, instability.

What is the treatment for UCL Sprain?

Rest, physical therapy, possible surgery (Tommy John surgery).

What is the mechanism of injury for RCL Sprain?

Varus stress on the elbow.

What special test is used for diagnosing RCL Sprain?

Varus stress test.

What are the symptoms of RCL Sprain?

Pain on the outside of the elbow, swelling.

What is the treatment for RCL Sprain?

Rest, ice, physical therapy.

What is the mechanism of injury for an Ulnar Nerve Contusion?

Direct trauma to the elbow or falling.

What special test is used for diagnosing Ulnar Nerve Contusion?

Tinel's sign.

What are the symptoms of an Ulnar Nerve Contusion?

Tingling or numbness in the pinky or ring finger.

What is the treatment for Ulnar Nerve Contusion?

Rest, ice, and physical therapy.

What is the mechanism of injury for UCL/RCL Sprain of the wrist?

Forced motion or impact.

What special tests are used for diagnosing UCL/RCL Sprain of the wrist?

Valgus/varus stress tests.

What are the symptoms of UCL/RCL Sprain of the wrist?

Pain, swelling, instability.

What is the treatment for UCL/RCL Sprain of the wrist?

Rest, immobilization, physical therapy.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Scaphoid Fracture?

Fall on an outstretched hand.

What special test is used for diagnosing a Scaphoid Fracture?

Scaphoid tenderness in anatomical snuffbox.

What are the symptoms of a Scaphoid Fracture?

Wrist pain, swelling, tenderness in the snuffbox.

What is the treatment for a Scaphoid Fracture?

Immobilization in a cast, surgery if displaced.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Metacarpal Fracture?

Punching an object or direct trauma.

What special test is used for diagnosing a Metacarpal Fracture?

Palpation of metacarpal bones.

What are the symptoms of a Metacarpal Fracture?

Pain, swelling, possible deformity.

What is the treatment for a Metacarpal Fracture?

Casting, surgery for severe cases.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Phalange Fracture?

Trauma, crush injury, or sports injury.

What special tests are used for diagnosing a Phalange Fracture?

Range of motion tests.

What are the symptoms of a Phalange Fracture?

Pain, swelling, deformity.

What is the treatment for a Phalange Fracture?

Splinting, casting, surgery if needed.

What is the mechanism of injury for a Phalange Dislocation?

Trauma or fall.

What special tests are used for diagnosing a Phalange Dislocation?

Assessment of range of motion.

What are the symptoms of a Phalange Dislocation?

Deformity, swelling, intense pain.

What is the treatment for a Phalange Dislocation?

Reduction, splinting, possible surgery.

What is the mechanism of injury for Game Keepers Thumb?

Trauma to the thumb, often from a fall or sports.

What special test is used for diagnosing Game Keepers Thumb?

UCL stress test.

What are the symptoms of Game Keepers Thumb?

Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb.

What is the treatment for Game Keepers Thumb?

Splinting, rest, possible surgery for severe cases.

What is the mechanism of injury for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Repetitive wrist motions, swelling, or direct compression.

What special tests are used for diagnosing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Phalen's test and Tinel's sign.

What are the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Tingling, numbness in the thumb, index, and middle fingers.

What is the treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Rest, splinting, corticosteroids, surgery if severe.

What is the mechanism of injury for an Elbow Dislocation?

Fall on an outstretched arm or direct impact.

What special test is used for diagnosing an Elbow Dislocation?

Neurovascular assessment.

What are the symptoms of an Elbow Dislocation?

Deformity, pain, swelling, inability to move elbow.

What is the treatment for Elbow Dislocation?

Reduction, immobilization, physical therapy.

What is the mechanism of injury for De Quervains Tenosynovitis?

Overuse of thumb tendons.

What special test is used for diagnosing De Quervains Tenosynovitis?

Finkelstein's test.

What are the symptoms of De Quervains Tenosynovitis?

Pain on the radial side of the wrist, swelling.

What is the treatment for De Quervains Tenosynovitis?

Rest, ice, splinting, corticosteroid injections.

What is the mechanism of injury for Carpometacarpal Arthritis?

Wear and tear over time.

What special test is used for diagnosing Carpometacarpal Arthritis?

CMC grind test.

What are the symptoms of Carpometacarpal Arthritis?

Pain at the base of the thumb, swelling, stiffness.

What is the treatment for Carpometacarpal Arthritis?

Splinting, physical therapy, corticosteroids, surgery for severe cases.