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Operating System (OS)
The main program that governs the operation of a computer, acting as an intermediary between user programs and the hardware.
Process
An active program in execution, utilizing system resources.
Multitasking
The capability of an operating system to manage multiple processes simultaneously.
Multithreading
A single process that can have multiple threads, allowing for concurrent execution of tasks within the same program.
System Calls
The interface between user programs and the operating system, allowing programs to request services from the OS.
Device Drivers
Software that enables the operating system to communicate with hardware devices.
Memory Management
The process by which an operating system allocates memory to programs, protects memory, and uses it effectively.
Real Mode
A basic 16-bit mode in x86 architecture allowing direct access to physical memory with minimal protection.
Protected Mode
An advanced mode in x86 architecture that provides 32-bit functionality, memory protection, and access control.
Global Descriptor Table (GDT)
A system-wide table describing memory segments, including base address, limit, access rights, and granularity.
Interrupt
Signals indicating that the CPU should address an event requiring attention.
Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC)
Hardware that handles and prioritizes interrupts from multiple devices before delivering them to the CPU.
Programmable Interval Timer (PIT)
The system timer that generates periodic interrupts for timing and scheduling tasks.
Stack
A memory area primarily used for local variables and function calls, managed automatically.
Heap
A memory area used for dynamic allocation, requiring manual management by developers.
Compiler
A tool that translates source code into object code or machine code.
Linker
A program that combines object files and libraries into a final executable program.
Static Linking
Building library code into the program at compile time.
Dynamic Linking
Linking libraries at runtime instead of compile time.
C Preprocessor
An initial step in C compilation that manages directives like #include and #define before compilation.
Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT)
A table that tells the CPU which code to execute when an interrupt or exception occurs.