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Service company vs. merchandising company
A service company sells services.
A merchandising company sells products.
The big difference is that merchandisers have inventory and cost of goods sold.

Merchandising company income statement
Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit
Gross Profit - Expenses = Net Income

Net sales
Sales - Sales Discounts - Sales Returns and Allowances = Net Sales
Operating cycle for a merchandiser
Cash → Inventory → Sales → Accounts Receivable → Cash
Business uses cash to buy inventory.
Business sells the inventory.
If sold on credit, the customer owes money.
Customer pays.
Business gets cash back.

Perpetual inventory system
This system updates inventory every time inventory is bought or sold.
It records:
Each purchase
Each sale
Cost of goods sold at the time of sale
Inventory balance after each transaction
Most companies use this now because technology makes it easier.
Periodic inventory system
This system updates inventory only at the end of the period.
Instead of tracking every sale immediately, the company counts inventory at the end.
Buying merchandise
When a business buys goods for resale, it records the purchase in Merchandise Inventory.

Credit terms
explain when payment is due and whether there is a discount.
Example:
2/10, n/30
This means:
2 = 2% discount
10 = discount available if paid within 10 days
n/30 = full amount due within 30 days
The buyer gets a 2% discount if they pay within 10 days. Otherwise, the full amount is due in 30 days.

Purchase return
The buyer sends merchandise back. These happen when the buyer is unhappy with the merchandise.
= we bought it and returned it.
Purchase allowance
The buyer keeps the merchandise but gets a price reduction because of defective or unacceptable merchandise. These happen when the buyer is unhappy with the merchandise.
Transportation costs and FOB terms
FOB(Free on Board) tells who owns the goods during shipping and who pays shipping.

Net cost of purchases
Invoice cost of purchases
- Purchase discounts
- Purchase returns and allowances
+ Transportation-in(Transportation cost of a buyer)
= Net cost of purchases

Sales return
The customer returns the merchandise. These happen when customers are unhappy. contra revenue account.
Sales return = we sold it and the customer returned it.
Sales allowance
The customer keeps the merchandise but gets a price reduction. These happen when customers are unhappy. contra revenue account.