PHI 250 QUIZ 2

Necessary condition

a factor that must be present for something to follow (an event to occur, a definition to be met)

Sufficient Conditions

a factor whose presence guarantees that something follows (an event occurs, a definition is met)

IVF

In Vitro Fertilization; the unifying of egg and sperm in a petri dish

ART

Assisted reproductive technology; all procedures that aid reproduction

PGD

Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis; the screening of embyros for genetic traits prior to implantation via IVF

Savior Siblings

children produced by IVF and PGD to serve as donors for ill children

Cloning

the asexual reproduction of genetically identical organism from an existing one

Reproductive cloning

aims to produce a live individual

Therapeutic cloning

creates a stem cell line for medical use in the donor patient

Surrogacy

gestating a fetus for others

Traditional surrogacy

the surrogate is impregnated by sperm from the social father (or a donor)

Gestational surrogacy

Surrogate gestates an embryo that is not from her eggs

somatic

bodily; refers to differentiated, diploid cells in the body (skin, muscle, nerves, etc.)

germline

haploid reproductive cells; eggs (oocytes) and sperm

somatic gene therapy

alters DNA in non-reproductive cells to treat an individual, with changes not inherited

germline engineering

modifies reproductive cells or embryos, making changes heritable for future generations

treatment/therapy

intervention aimed at treating disease and restoring functions and capacities to a baseline

enhancement

intervention aimed at improving functions and capacities that are already adequate

Euthanasia

directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person for their sake

Active Euthanasia

involves directly bringing about the person’s death

Passive Euthanasia

allowing someone to die

Voluntary Euthanasia

with the consent of competent patients

Nonvoluntary Euthanasia

without the consent of noncompetent patients

Involuntary Euthanasia

without the consent of the competent patients

Physician assisted suicide

when a patient takes their own life with the assistance of a doctor

palliative care

care for patients without seeking to end the cause of their condition

Thompson on abortion

What if we grant that a fetus is a person, does that now make abortion morally impermissible? Famous violinist, rapidly growing child, Henry Fonda (good samaritan vs minimally decent samaritan)

Marquis on abortion

Killing is wrong because you are taking away a future like ours; the category of beings is accidental but the wrongness to kill is essential; at first sight (prima faci) abortion is immoral because it is killing; contraception is fine because it is not depriving an already potential life

English on abortion

the more personlike (more developed) the fetus is, the more murderlike the abortion is

Glannon on genetic enhancement

why enhancement would be morally objectionable

1. unfair advantage

2. if made fair it would be “collectively self-defeating”

3. if fair, everyone gets to baseline - undermine the value of equality

4. if we tried to make the species better it would undermine autonomy

Savulescu on genetic enhancement

1. Parents are obligated to bring about the best states of affairs for their children, so not enhancing is wrong

2. There is no relevant difference between environmental and genetic intervention

3. no difference between treatment and enhancement

Research cloning

creates stem cell lines for research purposes