Quiz 4 - Module 5-7 (Cross-Sectional, Cohort, Case-Control, RCT)

True or False? Cross-sectional study designs are limited in establishing the temporal order of exposure with disease onset since exposure and disease are ascertained simultaneously.

True

The use of placebos permits which of the following of study participants and/or investigators, to reduce awarenedd of the participant's treatment assignment?

Masking/Blinding

In experimental designs if _____________ is done properly, it allows for the control of observed and unobserved confounders that may be the true cause of exposure-disease associations. 

Randomization

Which of the following is the appropriate measure of disease frequency in a fixed cohort when the study population experiences losses to follow-up?

Incidence Rate

Which of the following is a judgement about "The conclusions of a trial to the broader setting of general medical care and to a more heterogenous set of patients than those studied"?

Generalizability

Which of the following is assembled to study the health effects of rare exposures, such as uncommon occupational chemicals?

Cohort Study

True or False? Prospective cohort studies and experimental studies follow people over time and establish temporality.

True

True or False? Investigators in a retrospective cohort study can usually obtain more detailed information on exposures and other key variables because they have more control of the data collection process and can gather information directly from the participants. 

False

The association between average unemployment levels and mortality from coronary heart disease was studied in counties in California.

Ecological Study Design

A group of recent college graduates (exercisers and nonexercisers) were followed over a period of 20 years in order to track the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Cohort Study Design

A pharmaceutical company wanted to test a new medicine for control of blood sugar. Study participants were assigned randomly to either a new medication group or a group that used an established medication. The investigator and the participants were blinded as to enrollment in the study conditions.

Experimental Study Design

True or False? An institutional review board review is particularly important in experimental studies because a state of equipoise must exist for the study to be ethical.

True

True or False? Observational study designs are labeled as such because the investigator acts as a disinterested observer, merely letting nature take its course, and no assignment of exposure takes place.

True

The selection of an approproate control group in case-control studies is challenging because the level of exposure in the controls must equal the level of exposure in the population that gave rise to cases.

True